CHALLANGES OF PROSPECTIV OF CA ELECTION

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cfufld d+l;/ rf/ ut]sfnflu tf]lsPsf] csf]{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsfnflu lgjf{rg sfo{s|d ;fj{hlgs e};s]sf] 5 . b'ef{Uojz P]ltxfl;s ;+ljwfg;efjf6 ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ ;lsPg . kl/jt{gsf kIfw/ / kl/jt{gsf lj/f]wLx?sf jLrdfsf] l5gfemK6Lsf r]k'jfdf ;+ljwfg;ef zlxb eof] . ;+ljwfg jgfpg ul/Psf] lgjf{rgn] ;+ljwfg jgfpgsfnflu lj; k|ltztdfq ;do vr{ u/of] c;L k|ltzt ;do ;/sf/ jgfpg / 9fNgsfnflu g} vr{ u/of] . ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g] cj:yfdf ;xdlt jGg ;s]g To;} jvt cbfntsf] x:tIf]ksf sf/0f Dofb lglZrt ePsf] lyof] tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq of t ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ kg]{ To;sfnflu ;xdlt x'g kg]{ ;xdlt geP ;+ljwfg;ef :jt ;dfKt x'g] To;kl5 /fhg}lts ;+j}wflgs z'GotfnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{sfnflu csf]{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg 3f]if0ff u/]/} eP klg 8f jfj'/fd e66/fO{ g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] ;+j}wflgs z'Gotf / /fi6|kltsf] kbfjlw yfldlbg] sfd u/of] .

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t/ ljgfzsfn] ljkl/t j'l4 eg]em} afa'/fd ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lgjf{rgdf efu lnO{lbPsf] eP cfh xfdL gof ;+ljwfg jgfO{sg klg csf]{ lgjf{rgsf jf/]df 5nkmn ul//fv]sf x'g] lyof} . t/ ;f] lgjf{rgdf efu glng] s]xL bnx?sf] x7sf sf/0fn] ;f] lgjf{rg ;+ej ePg . oBlk Tof] x7 cfh klg sfod 5 vfnL kfq km]l/Psf5g\ . t;y{ ljkIfLx?s} cfu|xdf :jtGq lgikIf lgjf{rgsfnflu k|wfgGofolwzsf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/ nfO{ ;Qfsf] jfu8f]/ ;'Dk]/ lgjf{rgsf] dfxf}n jgfpg sf]lz; ePsf] xf] . lgjf{rg ;+ej t'nofpgsfnflu sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;/sf/ Psk6s kbfjlw ;dfln;s]sfx?s} lgjf{rg cfof]udf k'g/jxfnL o;s} k|oTg x'g olt ubf{ klg r'gfj ;+ej ePg eg] / of] jf Tof] jfxfgfdf r'gfj ;fg]{ sfd ul/of] eg] g]kfndf r'gfj eGg] lrh ;fob c:tfp5 xf]nf . o:tf] cj:yfdf ePsf] lgjf{rgsf] rrf{ otlj]nfsf] d'Vo ljifo xf] . ToxL lgjf{rgsf cfklxfo{tf / r'gf}ltsf jf/]df rrf{ ug]{ k|of; o; cfn]vdf ul/Psf] 5 .

lgjf{rg ug]{ / lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t u0ftGq ;+3Lotf wd{lg/k]Iftf / ;dfj]lztf h:tf ljifox? ;+:yfut ug{ rfxg]x?sfnflu 3fflgjf{rg 3f]lift ldltdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{ g;s] /fli6|o :jflwgtfdf g} vt/f k}bf x'g] Pdfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08sf] egfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj 3f]lift ldltdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ug{ clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 t/ hf] hgo'4 hgcfGbf]ng / dw]z cfGbf]ngsf pknJwLx? ;+:yfut ePsf] x]g{ rfxb}g pgLx? ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg k|lt Tolt u+le/ 5}gg\ . cem sltko t of] lgjf{rgnfO{ Wj:t kfg]{ of]hgf klg jgfPsf] ;dfrf/ cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] r]k'jfdf k/]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg g]kfnL ljlzi7tfsf] clgjfo{ cfjzostf jGg k'u]sf] 5 .

clwsf+zsf ljrf/df lgjf{rg hgtfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ;fwg jg]sf] 5 sltkon] o;}nfO{ l;SsLdLs/0fsf] vt/f klg b]v]sf5g\ hgtf jlnof] eP/ b]z sdhf]/ b'lgofdf slx ePsf] 5}g g]kfndf klg ;+ej 5}g j? hgtfsf] zlQmdf ljZjf; gug]{ k'j{/fhfx?df / k'j{ kGrx?df e/ ug]{ j'l4n] /fli6|otfdf vt/f kg]{ 5 .

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g]kfndf cfh ;Dddf 5 j6f ;+ljwfg jlg;s] t/ ;j} ;+ljwfg hgtfsf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx?n] jgfPsf 5}gg\ . hj;Dd hgtf cfkm' zfl;t x'g] b:tfj]h cfkm} jf cfkmgf k|ltlglw dfkm{t n]Vg] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb}gg tj ;Dd cfkmgf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] Jojxfl/s k|of]u u/]sf] / ug{ kfPsf] 7xl/g] 5}g . To;}n] of] lgs} dxTjsf] ljifo xf] . To;sf/0f g]kfnL hgtf cfkm' ;fj{ef}d jGg] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] kIfdf 5g\ hgtf r'gfj rfxG5g\ .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df xfdL ;+ljwfg gePsf sf/0fn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{sfnflu ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ug{ vf]h]sf x}gf} xfdL;+u ;+ljwfgx? lxhf] klg lyP / cfh klg 5b}5g\ t/ o; k6ssf] of] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ 4Gb Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodsf ?kdf klg lnOPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f klg o;sf] ckl/xfo{tf / clgjfo{tf b'j} k'li6 ePsf] 5 .

;+ljwfg;efsf] kIf jf ljkIfdf d'n's jfl8Psf] lyof] ;+ljwfg;ef nf]stGqsf] kof{o jf cft+ssf/Lx?sf] Ph]08fdf klg jx; ePs} xf] . ;+ljwfg ;ef eg] jfkt cft+ssf/L 7xl/g] / cft+ssf/L ePs} sf/0fn] bzf} xhf/sf] Hofg lnPsf] klg lyof] bzf} xhf/sf] Hofg lnPsf] of] 4Gbsf] ;dfwfgsf] ljGb' ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg g} ePsf] lyof] ;+ljwfg;ef :jLsf/ u/]s} sf/0fn] 4Gbsf] ?kfGt/0fsf] dfu{ k|z:t ePsf] xf] To;sf/0f klg 4Gb ;dfwfg / zflGt rfxg]x?sfnflu ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg / lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efjf6 gof ;+ljwfg ckl/xfo{ cfjzos ljifo jGg k'u]sf]5 .

;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t jGg] gof ;+ljwfg u0ftGq ;+:yfut ug]{ b:tfj]h klg xf] . kl/jt{gsf Ph]08f ;+:yfut ug]{ klg b:tfj]h xf] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cGtl/d cjlwsfnflu g} xf] ;b}j cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] b]z rNg klg ;Sb}g rnfpg vf]Hg klg x'b}g oBlk xfd|f] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;efjf6 csf]{ ;+ljwfg gjGbf;Ddsfnflu zf;g ;+rfng ug]{ b:tfj]h eg] xf] . oxL b:tfj]hn] d'n'ssf] /fhg}lts k|0ffnL cfly{s k|0ffnL ;'/Iff k|0ffnL / j}b]lzs gLlt ;d]tsf ljifodf lbzf lgb]{z ug]{ sfd klg ub{5 . ;fdGtjfbsf cjz]ifx?nfO{ cGt ub}{ ;dfhnfO{ k'lhjfbLs/0f ub}{ ;dfhjfbdf k|j]z u/fpg] b:tfj]h klg oxL b:tfj]h xf] To;}n] oltsf dxTj jf]s]sf] b:tfj]h tof/ ug]{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ljkIfdf sd;]sd oltsf dxTj j'emg]x?sfnflu pleg] 7fp 5}g . To;sf/0f klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg clgjfo{ / ckl/xfo{ jGg k'u]sf] xf] .

;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf lj?4 v8f ePsf Jojwfgx?M

;+ljwfg;efsf] clgjfo{tf / o;sf] ckl/xfo{tfsf jf/]df hlt rrf{ u/]= klg sd} xG5 hf] lrh cfm}df k|i6 5 To;sfnfo{ s'g} cfwf/ lng klg / ;f]sf] cfjZostf clgjfo{tf / jfWotfsf jf/]df rrf{ ul//fVg klg kb}{g . tyflk sltko dflg;x? hf] lxhf] g} Hofg hfnf ;+ljwfg;ef dflgb}g eGy] sltko dflg;x? gfs sf6]/ kftdf /fvf}nf ;+ljwfg;efjf6 ;+ljwfg jGg lbO{Gg eGy] tL dflg;x? h;n] bzf} xhf/sf] Hofg lng tof/ eP ;+ljwfg;ef ?rfPgg\ ltgLx? Km]l/ Psk6s ToxL cfkmgf] k'/fgf] nf]nLdf jf]nL yKg tlNng 5g\ . ltgsf] tlNngtf t lxh} kl/If0f ePs} xf] To;n] vf; km/s kfg]{ 5}g t/ ;d:of lxhf] ;+ljwfg;efsfflu bzf} xhf/sf] jlnbfg lbg tof/ ePsf] lxhf] u0ftGqsfnflu jlnj]bLdf xf]ldg tof/ ePs} dWosf g]tf sfo{stf{x? klg ;+ljwfg;ef / u0ftGqsf] ljkIfdf b]lvg] u/L cleJolQm lbb} ubf{ lj8Djgf klg / Jojwfg klg x'g] b]lvPsf]5 o:tf] xs{t sd;]sd ge}lbP x'GYof] eGg] hgtfsf] cledt 5 .

/fli6|o tyf cGt/fli6|o zlQmx? Cfkmgf] ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;efjf6 gjg]sf] hgtfsf] k'/} / tfhf hgdtjf6 cg'df]bg gePsf] b]Vbf b]Vb} g]kfn h:tf] d'n's h;n] @! Cf} ztfJbLsf] bf]>f] bzsdf hgtfsf] k'/f cledtsf;fy gof ;+ljwfg jgfpg] Nofst /fVg] h;sf sf/0f cfkmgf] sb 36g] kf] xf] ls eGg] cJoQm leqL cfzon] klg st} g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg;efk|lt Tolt w]/} pT;'s gb]lvPsf] kf] xf] ls eGg] klg lh1fzfx? B]lvPsf 5g\ olb of] ;To xf] eg] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsfnflu csf]{ Jojwfgsf ?kdf b]vf kg]{5 .

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o;sf] cfjzostf / clgjfo{tfsf t'ngfdf o;nfO{ ;fy{s t'Nofpg ul/g] k|oTg sfdofjL / kof{Kt gePs} x'g of] k|j[lQ klg sd xflgsf/s / Jojwfgsf] ?kdf g/x]sf] xf]O{g o;sfnflu /fli6|o / cGt/fli6|o ;j} zlQmx? lhDd]jf/ xf]nfg\ . h] ;'s} xf]; ljutsf] ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfg lbg ;s]g ;f] sf k5fl8 ;j} lhDd]jf/ 5g\ klxrfg;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf :jLsf/ gug]{ d'Vo ?kdf lhDd]jf/ xf]nfg To;sf ;fy;fy} klxrfgnfO{ cltdf j'emg] k|j[lQ xf]; jf ut r}q @* ut] hf/L x'g] ;+ljwfg hnfP/ kf6L{ k'm6fpg tDtof/ /x]sf] j}B ;d'x xf]; jf ;+ljwfg;efsf] j}7s g} gj;fNg] ;efWoIf / j}7s j:g glbg] c? bn hf] ;'s}n] h] ;'s} e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf eP klg ;+ljwfg gjgfpgdf lhDd]jf/ ePs} x'g . g]kfnL ;dfh / ;+ljwfg;efsf] x/]s :6]sxf]N8/x? lt ;sf/fTds xf]pg jf gsf/fTds h] ;'s} eP klg cfh ;+ljwfg;efsf jf/]df h] h] e'ldsf lgjf{x ul/of] To;k|lt kZrftfksf] If0fdf k'u]sf5g\ . klxrfg;lxtsf] ;+3LotfnfO{ hftLo /fHodf j'emg] x'g jf hftLo /fHonfO{ dfq} klxrfgsf] cy{df j'emg] ;j} kIfn] lxhf] o;sf gfddf h] h] sfd ul/of] o:t} kl/0ffd cfp5 eGg] yfx ePsf] eP To;f] ul/g] lyPg eGg] 7fpdf k'u]sf] cfefif x'G5 . cj ToxL cfTd;flts/0fnfO{ cj k'g gbf]xf]/fofpg] k|ltj4tf JoQm ug]{ xf] eg] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg klg ;+ej 5 / gof ;+ljwfg klg ;+ej 5 . oxL ;+efjgfsf] hudf gof g]kfn gof ;+ljwfg dfkm{t ;+ej 5 To;}nfO{ g} Ps z'qLo ofqfsf] k|:yfg ljGb' jgfp o;}df b]z hgtf / ;j}sf] lxt lglxt 5 .

ENGELS SPEECH ON MARX FUNERAL

……For Marx was before all else a revolutionist.

His real mission in life was to contribute, in one way or another, to the overthrow of capitalist society and of the state institutions which it had brought into being, to contribute to the liberation of the modern proletariat, which he was the first to make conscious of its own position and its needs, conscious of the conditions of its emancipation.

Fighting was his element.

And he fought with a passion, a tenacity and a success such as few could rival.”

Engels

UCPNM ELECTION CAMPAIGN BASED ON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

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;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf jf/]df dflg;x?sf] lbdfudf ljleGg lr qx? Sf]l/Psf5g\ . sltkon] dfcf]jfbLsf] :yfg lgs} sdhf]/ cf+sng u/]sf5g\ . sltkon] cl3Nnf] r'gfjdf h;/L g} ToxL !% @) l;6 eg]sf5g\ . xfd|} kf6L{ leq klg s'g} s'/f cfkm'nfO{ dg k/]sfj]nf kf6L{n] b'O{ltxfO{ Nofp5 eGg klg EofO{xfNg] ;fyLx? Cfkm'nfO{ dg gk/]sfj]nf jf cfkm'nfO{ cg's'n gx'g] k|:tfj kf6L{n] NofPsf jvt cj ;j} sf+u|];n] lhR5 kf6L{ ;lsof] eGg] ul/ /vf]sf jvt / kf6L{ g]tfx? ;w} jfg]Zj/ j}7s ;w} sf+u|]; Pdfn]sf] ;fydf jx; jr]sf] ;do nflhDkf6 ;fg]kf / xflQjg xf] Sof/] Tot}sf] sf}zLdf j:b} cfkmgf c;nL ef/bf/x?sf] dGq hKb} dgf]ut k|:tfj cufl8 /fVb} ubf{ ;fr} kf6L{ cGof}ndf lyof] / g]tf / sfo{stf{x? cGof}ndf g} lyP .o;} ljrdf cfsl:ds g} eGg k5{ kf6L{sf] lj:tfl/t j}7s j:of] / cs:dft cleofgsf] of]hgf jGof] . cleofg Ps dlxgf elgP klg vf; sfo{If]qdf eg] kGw| jf lj; lbg j:g] cj:yf jGof] . of] cj:yfn] kf6L{nfO{ leGg ljZn]if0f ug{ / ;f]sf cfwf/df lg0f{o lng lgs} ;3fp k'/fPsf] 5 hf] kf6L{ O{ltxf;df / g]tf sfo{stf{sf] klg hLjgdf klxnf]k6s 5f]6f] cjlwdf t/ k|efjsf/L cleofg 7flgPsf] of] sfo{s|dn] Pdfcf]jfbLsfnflu t /fd|} ;fdfu|L k|fKt eof] g} /fi6|s}nflu klg of] lgs} sfdofjL x'g] 7flgPsf] 5 . ltg} ljifox? Jff/] ;+If]kdf rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .  

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g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cWoogsf jf/]df Psfw dflg;x?n] cfkmgf] jfWofTdt l8u|L k'/f ug{ xf]; jf bftfx?sf] kl/of]hgfsfnflu tf]lsPsf] /sd km:of}{6 ug{ xf]; o:t}vfn] cg';Gwfg jfx]s c? e]l6b}gg\ . o;sf cltl/Qm gLlt lgdf{0fsf txdf kx'r ePsf dflg;x?n] cg';Gwfgdf efu lnPsf klg lyPgg / tL l/kf]6{x? x]g]{ sfd klg ub}{gy] . t/ o; k6s Pdfcf]jfbL kf6L{sf] s]lGb|o ;ldltdf /x]/ sfd ul/;s]sf ljutdf / eljZodf ;d]t gLlt lgdf{0fdf kx'r /x]sf] Tof] :t/sf] hgzlQmn] cfkm}n] ;xeflu eP/ NofPsf] tYof+s / ;'rgf /fi6|lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df dxTjk'0f{ ;fljt x'g]5 vfnL To;sf] ;xL ;b'kof]usf] jftfj/0f jgfpg dfq} kg]{5 .

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hgtfsf] cg'xf/ k|ToIf ?kdf k9g] s'/f cg';Gwfgsf cflwsfl/stf / ljZj;gLotfsfnflu lgs} dxTjk'0f{ dflgG5 . hgtfn] kmf/ddf s] n]v] u0fsn] s] n]v]/ NofP lkmN8 d{} k'u]/ NofP ls s'g} ;'ljwf;DkGg xf]6nsf] njLdf j;]/ jf ufpsf] k;ndf j;]/ hfGg] ;'Gg]n] eg]sf] Joxf]/f gf]6 u/]/ NofP eGg] s'/f lgs} dxTjsf] ljifo xf] . bf>f] vfn] cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df tof/ ePsf k|ltj]bg / ljsf;sf kl/of]hgfx?;Dd klg ;kmn eP eg]/ uj{ ug]{ ul/Psf] ;dfhdf hgtfsf k|ltlglw gLlt lgdf{0fdf k|ToIf;+nUg ePsf g]tf x?sf] 6f]nLn] hgtfsf] k|ToIf dgf]lj1fg k9g] / ;f]sf cfwf/df k|ltj]bg tof/ ePsf] 5 . hf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljsf;sfnflu lgs} dxTjsf] ;fljt x'g]5 .

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k|fo /fhg}lts bnsf g]tf sfo{stf{x?sf] l/kf]6{ vf; kmd]{6df x'g] ub{5 Tof] kmd]{6 s}n} j:t'jfbL x'g ;s]g . k'/} dgf]ut efif0fn] /+lug] l/kf]6{ o; k6s km/s /xof] . kf6L{ s]lGb|o sfof{no lj1x?sf] ;xof]udf cfkm}n] tof/ kf/]sf] $$ k[i7 nfdf] kmf/fd h;nfO{ eg{sfnlu ljz]if lgb]{zg klg tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf dgf]ut / /fhg}lts efif0f u/] h:tf] of] sfd x'g kfpb}gYof] . s'g} klg sfd vfnL /fVg klg kfO{b}gYof] . o;n] cg';Gwfgsf] k2lt k5ofPsf] dfq} x}g j}1flgs cg';Gwfg k2lt g} cjnDjg ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm kmf/fd eg{ s;}nfO{ elt{ ug]{ x}g 6f]nL g]tf cfkm} / cfkmg} pkl:yltdf sfo{stf{x?sf] 6f]nL g} jgfP/ ug]} lgb}{lzsf ePsf sf/0fn] klg o; sfdsf] dxTj cfkm}df pRr 5 .

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sltkosfnflu of] ckTofl/nf] nfUg] / :jo+ dfcf]jfbLsfnflu klg of] em0eml6nf] / cgfjZos eg]/ gfs gv'DRofPsf] klg xf]O{g t/ s] n] sfd u/of] yfx 5}g of] kmf/fd jdf]lhds} ljj/0f eg]{ u/L kf6L{ s]lGb|o sfof{no ;xdt eof] / klxnf em0eml6nf] elgPsf] kmf/fd g} :jLsf/ eof] . of] sfd lkmN8df vl6g]x?sfnflu klg lgs} r'gf}ltsf] ljifo jGof] ljj/0fdf cfwfl/t l/kf]l6{8 emg r'gf}ltk'0f x'g] g} eof] Toltsf r'gf}ltk'0f{ sfd klg Pdfcf]jfbLsf g]tf tyf g]tfx?sf] 6f]nLn] u/]/ b]vfPsf] 5 . olt g} / o:t} sfd s'g} klg /fhg}lts bnn] cfhsf ldlt ;Dd u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5}g . To;}n] dfcf]jfbL kf6L{n] ;j}nfO{ pl5g]sf] 5 / ;j}nfO{ l;sfPsf] klg 5 / cfkm}n] / kf6L{n] / /fHon] o;nfO{ pkof]u u/of] eg] tof] b]z / hgtsfnflu sfdofjL g{} x'g] 5 .

kf6L{ dgf]ut /f]ujf6 d'Qm x'g] pkfoM

kf6L{n] s'g} Joj;foLs ;+:yfnfO{ u'xf/]/ o;f] ug{ klg ;+ej lyPg . s'g} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] oltsf sfd u/]sf] eP c/jf}sf] nufgL ug{ kg]{ klg lyof] t/ of] vfnsf] u'0fsf] ck]Iff w]/} 6f9fsf] s'/f x'g] lyof] . h] xf]; kf6L{ g]tfx? kmf/fd eg]{ u0fs klg ePsf 5g\ / kmf/fd lb3{sflng cg';Gwfg / ljZn]if0f ug{ nfos 5 h;n] eljzodf klg tL kmf/fdx? Vf]tng] / ljleGgk|of]hgsfnflu ljZn]if0f ug]{ /fd|f] ;fdfu|L k|fKt ePsf] 5 . kf6L{ st} cndlnof] eg] jf g]tfx? dgf]ut x'g yfn] eg] tYof+sn] s] eG5 eg]/ kN6fP/ x]g]{ ;fdfu|L k|fKt ePsf] 5 eg] o; cl3 dgf]ut x'g] u/]sf] /f]usf] cf}iflw klg oxL kmf/fd x'g]5 .

;j]{If0fsf] ljZn]if0fM

oBlk of] ;j]{If0f kmf/fdsf] Joj;foLs ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5}g . oltj]nf vfnL o;sf] /fhg}lts ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . /fhg}lts ljZn]if0fnfO{ cfufld lgjf{rgsf jvt pDd]bjf/ to ug]{ s'/fdf pkof]u ul/g]5 eg] jfsL g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf cGt/lj/f]wx? G]kfnL hgtfsf rfxgfx? / g]kfnL hgtfn] rfx]sf] / vfrf] k/]sf] ljsf;sf] df]8]n ;d]tsf jf/]df klg lgisif{ lgsfNg] cfwf/ tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . kf6LnfO{ hlt j]nf h] ljifosf] hfgsf/Lsf] vfrf] k/of] ;f]xL s'/f lgsfNg ;lsg] h] s'/fdf ljZn]if0f ug{ k/of] ToxL s'/f lgsfNg ;lsg] cyf{t lh1f;fnfu]sf ljifodf dgf]ut jf cj}1flgs cfwf/ lng gkg]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ePsf] 5 of] ;j]{If0fn] . cf/Dedf of] ;j]{If0fnfO{ em0eml6nf] dflgP klg sfnfGt/df o;n] kmfO{bf lbb} hfbf tj dfq} of] k2ltsf] k|;+;f x'g]5 h] xf]; o; k6s kf6L{ j}1flgs k2ltdf cfwfl/t ;j]{If0f / ;j]{If0fjf6 k|fKt lgisif{x?nfO{ ljZn]if0f u/]/ gof lgisif{df k'Ug k|oTg u/]sf] of] cj;/ ;j}sfnflu v'zLsf] s'/f xf] .

lgisif{M

g]tfx? cfufld r'gfjsf] jf/]df lrGtf u5{g /fhg]tfn] cfufdL k':tfsf jf/]df lrGtf u5{g eg] em} o; k6s Pdfcf]jfbL kf6L{ / o;sf g]tfx? cfufld r'gfjsf] jf/]df dfq} lrGtf ug]{ g]tfsf] sf]6Ldf l;ldt /fVg rfx]g o;n] efjL k':tfsf] jf/]df ;d]t lrGtf u/]/ tbg's'nsf] sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug{] sfdsf] yfngL u/]/ /fhg]tfsf] x}l;ot sfod ug]{ k|oTg u/]sf] 5 . of] k|oTg sfdofjL hj x'g]5 tj o;sf] kl/0ffd j:t'lgi6 tl/sfn] k|of]u x'g]5 / g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ?kfGt/0fsf] k|s[ofdf ;fd]n e} ;s]sf] x'g]5 o;}df o;sf] dxTj emNsg] 5 . o;sf cfwf/df eGg ;lsg]5 Pdfcf]jfbL o; k6s j}1flgs k2ltdf cfwfl/t ;j]{If0f cg';Gwfgsf lgisif{df e/ kb}{ g]tfx?sf] klQm hgtfsf] ;]jfdf v/f] plqg] sfo{of]hgf jgfpg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 h;sf] k'/} cfwf/ klg tof/ ePsf] 5 . 
 

NATIONAL CONVENTION AND TASK OF REVOLUTIONARY INTELLECTUALS

a'l4hLjL df]rf{sf] /fli6|o ;Dd]ng / sfo{ef/x?jf/]

lvdnfn b]jsf]6f

g]kfn /fli6|o k|ultlzn a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf] Pstfsf] kfrf} /fli6|o ;Dd]ng O{ltxf;s} cToGt hl6n / r'gf}lt / ;+efjgfx?sf jLrdf x'g u}/x]sf]5 . P]ltxfl;s ?kdf k|fKt ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] cjlwjf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g g;sL cj;fg ePsf sf/0fn] csf]{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;+3f/df g} 5, ;fdGtL /fhtGqsf] cGt e} u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 t/ To;nfO{ gof ;+ljwfg dfkm{t ;+:yfut ug]{ sfo{ef/ jfsL 5 . nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] PsfTds /fHo ;+/rgfsf] cGt :jfoQtf :jzf;g / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;lxtsf] klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotfsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePsf] 5 To;nfO{ klg ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yfkg ug{ jf+sL 5 . wd{ lg/k]Iftf / ;dfj]lztfsf] cj:yfnfO{ klg ;+:yfut ug{ jfsL g} 5 . ;du|df ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts / ;xeflutfd'ns ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq oltj]nfsf] k'lhjfbL s|flGtsf] dxTjk'0f{ sfo{ef/ xf] hf] k'/f ug{ kg]{ cj:yfdf 5 . ;fy;fy} cfly{s s|flGt ljgf k|fKt /fhg}lts pknJwLx?nfO{ hf]ufpg / ;+:yfut ug{ klg ;+ej 5}g eGg] lgisif{sf ;fy Pdfcf]jfbLn] pTkfbg / lgdf{0fsfnflu ;+3if{ kf6L{ /0fgLltsf] gof cfofd s} ?kdf cufl8 ;f/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o:tf] 38Ldf s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] v]Ng kg]{ e"ldsfsf jf/]df ;+If]kdf rrf{ ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lrq0fM

g]kfnL ;dfh oltj]nf klg ljut ;f7L jif{ h:t} cw{ ;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs g} 5 jf dxfg hgo'4sf] jndf ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ;d]tsf] ;fy ;xof]udf u0ftGq ;+3Lotf wd{lg/k]Iftf / ;dfj]lztf h:tf pknJwLx? xfl; e};s]kl5 jblnPsf] 5 < eGg] jf/]df oflGqs / h8z'lqo b[li6sf]0fn] oyfjt 5 eG5 t/ ef}ltsjfbL dfS;{jfbL / s|flGtsf/L cfzfjflbtfsf b[li6n] cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 eG5 / g]kfnL ;dfh oltj]nf ljutsf] eGbf km/s cj:yfdf 5 eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ ub{5 . t;y{ cfhsf] g]kfn cfly{s /fhg}lts b[li6n] ;fdGtL cjz]if ;lxtsf] bnfn gf]s/zfxL k'hLjfbL / hgtfsf] hgjfbL zlQmsf jLrdf ;Qfsf] l5gfemK6L rln/x]sf] k'hLjfbf]Gd'v tyf gj pklgj]zjfbL zlQm / /fli6|o zlQmsf jLrdf rsf]{ ;+3if{ ;lxt :jflwgtf tkm{ pGd'v ;+s|d0fsflng P]ltxfl;s k|s[ofsf jLrjf6 cufl8 jl9/x]sf] 5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5 . o;/L g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/qdf cfPsf] jbnfjsf jf/]df hgtfdf k|rf/ ug]{ / k|lzIfLt ug]{ e"ldsf s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] lgjf{x ug{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

j}rfl/s :ki6tfsf] vfrf]M

dfly pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] jblnPsf] ;dfhsf] rl/q cg';f/ s|flGtsf sfo{gLlt / /0fgLltdf kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L ePsf] 5 ;f] ug{ g;Sg]x? uf]nrSs/df km:5g\ / l;l4G5g\ t;y{ oltj]nfsf] jblnPsf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q cg';f/ cjsf] ;+3if{sf] :j?k pkl/;+/rgfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ cfwf/ jbNg h?/L 5 cfwf/ jbNg] eg]sf] pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf jbNg] eg]sf] xf] To;sf/0f cfly{s a[l4 :jlwg / /li6|o k'lh ;lxtsf] cfly{s ljsf; h;n] pTkfbg ;DjGw / pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf xfjL /x]sf] bnfn / g]fs/zfxL ju{sf] g]t[Tj / jr{:j /x]sf] g]kfnL cy{tGqdf ;+3if{sf] cf/De ug]{ 5 bnfn / gf]s/zfxL k'hLsf lj?4 ;+3if{ u/]/ dfq} /fli6|o / :jflwg cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{5 o; vfnsf] j}rfl/s :ki6tfsf] vfrf] g]kfnL ;dfhn] vf]h]sf] 5 o; jf/]df jf}l4s If]qn] hgtfdf :ki6 kfb}{ pTkfb / lgdf{0fsf lglDt ;+3if{sf jf/]df dfS;{jfbLo cjwf/0ff ;lxtsf yk c? rl/qx? s] s] x'g o;sf k|efjx? S:tf slt / sltxb;Dd k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] :t/sf x'g]5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg jx; / cWoog Pj+ cg';Gwfg u/L gof tYodf k'Ug ;xof]u ug{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

tTsflng sfo{ef/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgM

oltj]nf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] jblnPsf] rl/q cg';f/sf] s|flGtsf] sfo{ef/sf ?kdf k|fKt pknJwLx?nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ lhDd]jf/L g} kb{5 . o;sfnflu klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf ;+3Lotf ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;efjf6} ;+ljwfg tfTsflns sfo{g}lts gf/f x'g k'u]sf] 5 . of] sfo{ef/ k'/f x'gf;fy k'hLjfbL hgjfbL s|flGtsf] dxTjk'0f{ lx:;f k'/f x'g] / jfsL so{ef/ k'/f ug]{ cfwf/ lgdf{0f x'g] cy{t jfsL sfo{ef/ k'/f ub}{ ;dfhjfbL s|flGtsf] yfngL x'g] 7fpdf g]kfnL s|flGt k'Ug] ub{5 . o;vfnsf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljsf;s|d;+u} ljsl;t ePsf] g]kfnL s|flGtsf] dfu{lrqnfO{ g]kfnL hgtfsf jLrdf k|rf/ ug]{ sfo{ef/ s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?sf] g} x'g] ub{5 .

;+ljwfg;efdf >]i7tf xfl;n ug{ kg]{

G]fkfnL s|flGtsf] dfu{lrq h;/L cufl8 j9]sf]5 To;} cg'?k s|flGtsf sfo{of]hgfx? lgdf{0f ug{ h?/L 5 . o;sfnflu s|flGtsf] sfo{gLlts} ?kdf /x]sf] lgjf{rgdf >]i7tf xfl;n ug{ clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . cfkmgf] sfo{gLlt ;kmn kfg{ ;lsPg / cfkm}n] to u/]sf] dfu{lrq k5ofpg ;lsPg eg] / cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] nIf k|fKt ug{ ;lsPg eg] s|flGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltx?n] ;kmntf k|fKt ug]{ k|Zg g} x'b}g  . To;}n] s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?sf] oltj]nfsf] sfo{ef/ lgjf{rgdf Pdfcf]jfbLnfO{ lgjf{rgdf cu|:yfgdf k'/ofpgsfnflu x/ t/xn] nfuL kg]{ g} x'g]5 . o;f] ug{ ;Sbf ;+ljwfg;efjf6 ;+ljwfg klg hf/L x'g] / ;f] ;+ljwfg klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf / ;+3Lotf ;lxtsf] g} x'g] kSsf 5 . o;f] ul/;Sbf kf6L{ dxflwj]zgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] tfTsflng sfo{gLlt ;kmn x'g]5 h;n] s|flGtsf] /0fgLltnfO{ g} ;3fp k'/ofpg]5 .

dWojlt{ tKsfsf] dg lhTg kg]{ cj:yfM

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfsf/ s|flGtsfndf dfcf]n] lrlgof ;dfhsf] JoVof u/] h:t} 3fDkf] cfsf/sf] 5 . lkwsf] efu klg ;f3'/f] 3f6L klg ;f3'/f] jLrsf] efu k'ms]sf] cyf{t lkwsf] efu ;j{xf/f ju{ klg l;ldt d'vsf] efu ;fdGtL ju{ klg l;ldt clg ljrsf] efu 3ofDkf] cfsf/sf] hf] dWojlt{ tKsf xf] p;sf] jfx'Notf /x]sf] 5 t;y{ jfx'No /x]sf] dWojlt{ tKsfnfO{ ghLltsg r'gfj lhTg ;lsb}g . dWojlt{ tKsfsf] dg lhTg] u/L sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sbf dfq} lgjf{rg lhTg ;lsG5 o;sfnflu af}l4s tKsf cufl8 gj9g] xf] eg] of] sfd ;+ej 5}g . t;y{ s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] o; tkm{ u+le/ e} cfkmgf] sfo{ef/ ;Dkgg ug{ h?/L 5 .

;fdflhs ;Qfsf] k|of]uM

/fhg}lts ;Qf / ;fdflhs ;Qf x/]s ;dfhdf Tolts} dxTjsf;fy cfkmgf] k|efj zf;g ;+rfngdf k|efljt kfg]{ u/]sf5g\ . /fhg}lts ;Qfdf /fhg}lts bnsf] k|efj /x]g u5{ / cf}krfl/s ?kdf zf;g /fhg}lts ;Qfn] g} ;+rfng ub{5 / ;lbof}b]lvsf] ;dfh ;fdflhs ;Qfsf dfWodjf6 ;+rfngdf /xL cfPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;Qfsf ;+rfnsx? eg]sf af}l4s tKsfx? X'g k]zfut ;d'xx? g} x'g . g]kfnL s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx? ;fdflhs ;Qfsf lx:;]bf/ ePsf x'gfn] ;fdflhs ;Qfsf] k|of]u ub}{ o;sf] >]i7tf xfl;n ug{df of]ubfg ug{ kg]{ j]nf cfPsf] 5 . o;f] eof] eg] dfq} s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] k|of]u u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;Qfsf] k|efjsf sf/0fn] ;+ljwfg;efdf kl/jt{gsf/L bn Pdfcf]jfbLsf] >]i7tf xfl;n x'g]5 .

lj/f]wLx?sf b'ik|rf/sf] v08gM

lgjf{rgsf] k/Dk/f t]>f] ljZjsf d'n'sx?df Tolt w]/} /fd|f] 5}g g]kfn To;sf] k|ltlglw d'n's g} x'g] ub{5 hxf ;j} xys08f k|of]u ul/G5 . lgjf{rg ;fd bfd b08 e]bn] lhTg] ul/Psf] / o;} tYon] :yflkt ePsf] klg w]/} k'/fgf] ePsf] 5}g . cj t dgL, d;n, ldl8of, dflkmof nufotsf dfnk|flS6;]; / o;}sfnflu dWojlt{ tKsfsf] b'?kof]u vt/gfs pbfx/0f jg]sf5g\ . ltgsf] cfwf/df hgtfdf e|d kfg]{ / lgjf{rg lhTg] cfwf/ jg]sf klg 5g\ . o;vfnsf] b'?kof]u hgtfsf] cfwf/ u'dfO{;s]sfx?n] g} ug]{ ub{5g\ . t/ o;sf] k|efj unt 9+un] hgtfdf kg{ uof] eg] o;n] lgjf{rg / ;f]sf] kl/0ffddf kg]{ vt/f k}bf x'G5 t;y{ o;vfnsf k|efjjf6 hgtfnfO{ hf]ufP/ /fVg / lj/f]wLx?n] u/]sf o; vfnsf xs{tx?sf] v08g ug{ klg a'l4hLjLx?sf] e'ldsf cy{k'0f{ x'G5 . t;y{ o;nfO{ cfkmg} e"ldsf 7fg]/ cfufl8 j9g h?/L ePsf] 5 .

;'rgf k|fKtL / ljZn]if0f

Af}fl4s ;d'bfo ;'rgfsf >f]t klg x'g . ;xL ;'rgf / ;f]sf cfwf/df ul/g] ljZn]if0fn] dfq} kl/0ffd 7Ls 7fpdf Nofpg] ub{5 . w]/} xb;Dd /fHon] jgfPsf of]hgfx? c;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx? dWo unt ;'rgf / unt ;'rgfsf cfwf/df ePsf] ljZn]if0f / ;f]xL cfwf/df x'g] sfo{Gjogn] c;kmntf jfx]s c? lrh xft nfUb}g t;y{ s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx? ;'rgf ;+sng ug]{ ;f] ;'rgf ;xL x'g kg]{ / ;f] ;xL ;'rgfsf cfwf/df ul/g] ljZn]if0f / lgisif{sf cfwf/df tof/ kfl/g] of]hgf / ;f] of]hgfsf cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] kl/0ffd ;'vb g} x'g]5 . t;y{ s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] cfkmgf] o; vfnsf] dxTjnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ cl3 j9g h?/L 5 .

:ki6 jQmfsf] e"ldsfM

oBlk obfsbf dfS;{jfbLx? Af}fl4s tKsfnfO{ s|flGtsfnflu 9'nd'n] rl/q ePsf] jf e/ ug{ g;lsg] zlQmsf ?kdf JofVof ulG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df o;nfO{ emg} rsf]{ ?kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 t/ ;f/ t / kl/0ffdtMaf}l4s tKsfsf] e"ldsf To:tf] sbflk x'g] u/]sf] kfO{b}g . dfS;{jfbLx? kl/0ffddf ljZjf; ub{5g\ To;}n] ;+;f/ e/Lsf s|flGtsf/L cfGbf]ngx?df af}l4s ;d'bfonfO{ oxL / o:t} ;sf/fTds k|efjsf ?kdf k|of]u ug]{  u/]sf] kfO{G5 . hgtfsf jLrdf cfkmgf s'/f :ki6;+u /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf sf/0fn] g} a'l4hLjLx?nfO{ o; vfnsf sfdsfnflu /f]Hg] ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy ;fy} sltko dfdnfdf ljZjf; cfh{g u/]sf ;fdflhs ;Qfsf ;+rfns ePsf sf/0fn] pgLx?sf] s'/f hgtfn] ;'Gg ?rfp5 of] dxTjnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L g]kfnL s|flGtsf/Lx? klg af}l4s tKsfsf] of] cx+ dxTjsf] e"ldsfnfO{ klg pkof]u ug{ kl5 x6g x'b}g eg] s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx? Klg o; vfnsf] cfkmgf] ul/df / dxTjjf6 cgle1 /xg x'b}g . :ki6 jQmfsf] ljlzi6 u'0f / Ifdtf ePsf s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] o; vfnsf] ljlzi7 1fg / Ifdtfsf] e/k'/ pko]fu ug{ cufl8 j9g h?/L 5 h;n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ?kfGt/0fdf pNn]Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 .

ljjfb ;dfwfgsf cfwf/M

ljjfb / 4Gbsf w]/} sf/0fx? x'g] ub{5g\ . ;j} ljjfbx?sf] cfwf/ ;dfg ?kdf / lg/k]If ?kdf j}1flgs x'b}gg / j}rfl/s jf /fhg}lts jf bfz{lgs klg x'b}gg . o;f] x'bf x'b} klg tL ljjfbx?n] ;fdfhdf ck'/0fLo Iflt klg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . h;sf jf/]df w]/} dflg;x? bnx? / ;+:yfx?n] Vofn u/]sf] kfO{b}g . vf;u/L ljjfbx?sf] >f]tsf ?kdf [Lack of Knowledgw_c1fgtf k|d'v x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] [Miss information or half information]unt ;'rgf jf cw{ ;'rgfsf cfwf/df jgfO{g] wf/0ff klg ljjfbsf] csf]{ vt/gfs >f]t xf] . t;y{ c1fgtf jf unt 1fgdf cfwfl/t ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ltgnfO{ 1fg lbg] ;xL 1fg lbg] / k'/f 1fg lbg] jfx]s csf]{ x'g} ;Sb}g . o;f] ug{ af}l4s ;d'bfo jfx]s c? s;}n] ug{ ;Sb}g . t;y{ o; vfnsf] e"ldsfdf cfkm'nfO{ v/f] ptfg{ klg s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLn] 5f]8g x'b}g . o;sf ;fy} o;} cfwf/df l;h{gf ePsf ljjfbx?nfO{ ;xL ;'rgf jf 1fg k|bfg u/]/ ;dfwfg x'g] ePsfn] af}l4s ;d'bfo ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] cfwf/ klg jGg]5g\ .

k|fljlws Pj+ ljz]if1o'Qm tof/L jf/]M

cNk ljsl;t jf t]>f] ljZjsf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df /fhgLlts bnx? d'ne"t ?kdf /fhg}lts dfdnfdf dfq} s]lGb|t x'g] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . /fhg}lts dfdnfdf dfq} s]lGb|t x'g] ubf{ k|fljlws Pj+ ljz]if1tfo'Qm If]qdf Vofn gk'Ubf kl/0ffddf xftnfUof] z'Go x'g] cj:yfdf k'Ug] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . To;df klg s|flGtsf/L /fhg}lts bnx? s|flGtsf] k|s[ofjf6 cfPsf] bndf of] k|j[lQ cem} j9L xfjL 5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv ;fd bfd b08 e]b df cEo:t /fhg}lts bnx?;+u} k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kg]{ cj:yfdf o; ljwfdf Vofn gug]{ sf/0fn] ck]lIft kl/0ffd xft gnfu]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;jf6 e]fUg kg]{ kl/0ffd ef]lu;s]sf] cj:yf 5 / 3f6f klg ef]lu;s]sf] cj:yf 5 To;sf/0f cj km]l/ k6s k6s 3f6f Joxf]g]{ sfd bf]xf]/ofpg x'b}g . o; tkm{ klg s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] j]n}df Vofn k'/ofpg] / cfkmgf] e'ldsf vf]Hg] / lgjf{x ug]{ sfd ug{ h?/L 5 .

/0fgLlts k|lt/f]wstf{sf] e"ldsfM

G]fkfnL ;dfh oyfl:ylt / kl/jt{gsf] bf];femdf / 4Gbdf cndlnPsf] 5 . O{ltxf;sf sfnv08df hltj]nf kl/jt{gsf/Lx? Psh'6 eP kl/jt{gn] d't{ ?k lng] / oyfl:yltjfbLx? xfjL /x] k|fKt pknJwLnfO{ klg w/fkdf kfg]{ ul/Psf] 36gfx? X'g] u/]sf5g\ . oyfl:yltjfbLx? xfjL e Peg] pgLx?n] kl/jt{gnfO{ /f]Sg dfq} x}g k|ltudgdf kmsf{pg]x?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg klg ug]{ u/]sf5g\ t;y{ o; vfnsf] l:ylt cfd ?kdf b]vf kg]{ u/]sf] x'gfn] s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] ;bf ;j{bf k|ltufld / oyfl:yltjfbLx?sf lj?4 hd]/ k|lt/f]w ug]{ e"ldsf v]Ng tof/ x'g kb{5 . s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx? oyfl:yltjfbL k|ltufldx?sf lj?4 of]hgfj4 9+un] nfUg / k|lt/f]w ug]{ dfgl;stfsf;fy cl3 j9g h?/L 5 .

lgisif{M

cflv/ dfS;{jfb ;dsflng b'lgofsf] ;To bz{gsf] ;f/tTj xf] eg]/ dfS;{jfbsf] u'bL s'/fnfO{ dfGg] xf] eg] ljrf/ dGyg / af}l4s cEof; ljgfsf] bz{g / o;sf] k|of]u z'Godf kl/0ft x'g]5 h;jf6 s'g} kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{} ;lsb}g . To;}n] af}l4s ;d'bfon] ;dfhdf v]Ng ;Sg] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} vfn] e"ldsfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsb}g To;}n] af}l4s cEof; ug'{ jf a'l4hLjL x'g' Pp6f s'/f xf] t/ p;sf] lj4tf jf p;sf] Ifdtf jf af}l4s 1fg s;sf kIfdf vr{ u5{ jf p;sf] af}l4stf s'g ju{sf] ;]jfdf vr{ ub{5 Tof] dxTjsf] ljifo xf] To;}n] sf]xL af}l4s x'gf;fy uj{ ug]{ jf s;}n] a'l4hLjL eGgf;fy gfs v'DRofpg kg]{ jf pgLx? Cj;/jfbL x'G5g jf s|flGtsfnflu e/ kbf]{ zlQm xf]O{gg\ eg]/ lgisif{df k'luxfNg kg]{ h?/L x'b}g p;sf] e"ldsf s|flGtsf kIfdf 5 ls 5}g eg]/ x]g{' g} sfkmL x'g] 5 . a'l4hLjx? cj;/jfbL x'G5g eGg] k/Dk/fut dfGotfjf6 d'Qm x'b} af}l4s jfx]s c?sfnflu t cj;/sf] k|r'/tf klg x'b}g cj;/} gkfPsfx?n] s|flGtsf/L x'g'sf] s'g} cy{ x'b}g j? cj;/ kfP/ klg To;nfO{ nft dfg{ ;Sg] x'g' s|flGtsf/L x'g' xf] To;}n] af}l4sx?sfnflu s|flGtsf/L x'g] cj;/ / ;+efjgf Tolts} 5 cj;/ lj/n} k|fKt x'g] x?n] kfPsf] cj;/ xtklt nft dfg{ ;S5g\ ls ;Sb}g ;xh} kl/If0f x'g klg sl7g x'G5 . to;}n] a'l4hLjLx? Hf] cfkmgf] 1fg Ifdtf / ljj]s plTkl8t ju{ sf kIfdf / s|flGtsf kIfdf ;dk{0f ub{5g\ eg] p;n] lxgtfjf]w ug{ kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g p lgzt{ / cJjn bhf{sf] s|flGtsf/L g} xf] p;sf] s|flGtdf e"ldsf a'l4hLjL ePsf sf/0fn] sld x'b}g j9L g} x'g5 oxL pRr dgf]jfnsf ;fy g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ?kfGt/0fdf af}l4s ;d'bfosf] e"ldsfnfO{ :jLsfg'{ g} oltj]nfsf] ;xL cy{sf] dfS;{jfbL bz{g / ;f]sf] kl/0ffdd'vL k|of]u x'g]5 .  

DOCUMENT FOR 5TH UNITY CONVENTION OF NIPON 28-29 BHADRA 2070

g]kfn /fli6«o k|ultlzn j'l4hLjL ;+u7g, s]lGb«o ;ldltsftkm{ ;+of]hs lvdnfn b]jsf]6f4f/f Pstfsf] kfrf}  /fli6«o ;Dd]ng – @)&) df k|:t't

æk|ltj]bgÆ

cWoIf d08n,;xefuL ;Dk'0f{ k|ltlglw tyf ko{j]Ifs ldqx? .

xfdL g]kfn /fli6|o k|ultlzn a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf] Pstfsf] kfrf} /fli6|o ;Dd]ngsf] ;+3f/df 5f} + . nfdf] ;dob]lv ;Dd]ngsf] ldlt tf]Sb} / :ylut ub}{ cfh xfdL ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ug]{ cj:yfdf cfPsf xf} . kf6L{ Pstf kZrft a'l4hLjL ;+u7gx?sf jLrsf] Pstf ;DkGg u/L sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ cufl8 j9fpg kg]{df c? ;j} hgjlu{o ;+u7gx?sf] Pstf ;DkGg e} /fli6|o ;Dd]ng ;d]t ;DkGg u/L;Sbf klg xfdLn]  To;f] ug{ g;Sbf cfh /fli6|o ;Dd]ngsf] bf}/fgdf klg ljutdf xfdLn] olt u/of} olt ug{ k|oTg u/of} / olt ug{ ;Sof} olt ug{ kfO{gf} eGg] ljifosf] km]xl/:t k|:t't ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf 5f} . a'l4hLjL ;+u7gx?sf jLrsf] Pstf lgs} l9nf] u/L ePsf sf/0fn] ljutsf] nfdf] ;do xfdL Pstfsf] k|of;df g} vr{ u/of} eGg] jfx]s xfd|f ;fd' csf]{ ljsNk /x]g . t} klg Pstfsf] of] kfrf} /fli6|o ;Dd]ng xfdL ub}{5f} / o; P]ltxfl;s Pstfsf] kfrf} /fli6|o ;Dd]ngdf ;+u7gsf] ;+of]hssf x}l;otn] of] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ kfpbf dnfO{ xlif{t t'NofPsf] 5 .

zlxbk|lt >4fGhnL 

;+u7gnfO{ oxf+;Dd NofO{ k'/fpg'x'g] o; ;+u7gsf dxfg zlxbx?k|lt efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{5 . 3fO{t] tyf j]kQf of]4fx?k|lt PSoj4tf k|s6 ub{5 . j]kQf vf]hL tyf ;To lg?k0f tyf d]n ldnfk cfof]u dfkm{t 4Gbsfnsf 36gfx?sf] 5fg ljg u/L ;To kQfnufO{ tYo :yflkt u/L ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] jftf/0f tof/ ug{ tyf j]kQf kfl/Psf gful/sx?sf] l:ylt oyflz3| ;fj{hlgs ug{ hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .

!    cGt/f{li6«o kl/l:yltM

oltj]nf klg ;fd|fHojfb Pj+ plTkl8t /fi6| / hgtfsf jLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w g} k|d'v cGt/lj/f]wsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . oBlk ;fd|fHojfbn] hg;d'bfonfO{ e|ldt kfg]{ u/L cfkmgf] juL{o lxtnfO{ cIf'0f /fVg jblnPsf] ljZj hgdt cg';f/ gof gof ?k / gf/fsf] k|of]u ub}{ slxn] pbf/jfb slxn] lghLs/0f / slxn] e'd08nLs/0f h:tf gf/fx?sf] ;fxf/f lnPsf] 5 .  

k|d'v cGt/lj/f]w ;f]xL /x] klg ;fd|fHojfbdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / ;dfhdf /x]sf ju{x?df / dfgj hfltsf] ;Eotfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g ;+u} cGt/lj/f]wsf ?k x?df km]/jbn cfpg' clgjfo{ x'G5 . bf]>f] ljzjo'4 kl5 ljz]ift lzto'4sf] cGt kl5 ;fd|fHojfbn] k/Dk/fut ?kdf ljZjsf] lglZrt e'efusf] ljefhg / k'g/ ljefhgsf lglDt rNg] cGt/;fd|fHojfbL k|lt4lGbtf, lghLs/0f, pbfl/s/0f / ljlQo e"d08nLs/0f ;+u} b]lvPsf] ;'rgf ;fd|fHosf] ljZjdf jblnPsf]5 . n]lggsf] ;fd|fHojfb / ;j{xf/f s|fLGtsf] o'u ;DjlGw kl/efiffdf cfwf/e"t cGt/ geP klg n]lgg / dfcf]f4f/f k|ltkflbt cGt/ ;fd|fHojfbL o'4 ;DjlGw ljZn]if0f / /0fgLltdf kl/dfh{g ug{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 .

;fd|fHojfbdf cfPsf] km]/jbnn] @! cf} ztfJbLsf] ;j{xf/fjfbL s|flGtsf/Lx?sf cufl8 s|flGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltx?nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ r'gf}lt v8f u/]sf] oyfy{nfO{ klg cfTd;ft ug{ kb{5 .

@    /fli6|o kl/l:yltM

!@ j'b] ;dembf/Ljf6 cf/De ePsf] ;+ljwfg;ef / u0ftGqsf] ofqf r'gfj ;DkGg ug]{ / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ xb;Dd ;kmn ePsf] ePtfklg ;+ljwfg;efjf6 hgo'4 hgcfGbf]ng / dw]z cfGbf]ng Pj+ ;j}vfn] kl/jt{gsf cfGbf]ngx?jf6 k|fKt pknJwLnfO{ ;+::yfut ug]{ sfd k'/f ge} cyf{t gof ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff gu/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] cj;fg x'g] 36gfs|dn] hgtfdf lg/fzf / k|fKt pknJwLx? km]l/ u'Dg] kf] x'g ls eGg] lrGtf nfUg' :jefljs xf] . o;} ;Gbe{df k'/ftgjfbL zlQm hf] s}n} kl/jt{gsf kIfdf /x]g, ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ cft+ssf/L Ph]08f g} 7x/fof} ltg} dWosf] Ps lx:;f / hf] ;+ljwfg;efsfnflu jlnbfgL ug]{ dxfg hgo'4sf] ;xefuL jGof] To;} dWosf] Ps lx:;f -j}B ;d'x_ k'/} !@ j'b] ;xdltnfO{ c;kmn kfg{ / ;+ljwfg;efsf] Ph]08fnO{ c;Dej t'Nofpg / k|fKt pknJwLx?nfO{ w/fkdf kfg{ Ps;fy k|oTg u/]sf5g\ . of] ;d]t if8oGqsf] kbf{kmf; ub}{ cfGbf]ngsf pknJwLx?nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ cfkmgf] efUosf km};nf cfkm} ug{ kfpg] hgtfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t ;+ej t'Nofpg nfUg'sf] csf]{ ljsNk 5}g eGg] lgisif{sf;fy ;+ljwfg;efsf] ljsNk csf]{ ;+ljwfg;ef / cfGbf]ngsf pknJwLx? hgjfbL s|flGtsf dxTjk'0f{ pknJwLx? ;+:yfut ug{ / hgjfbL s|flGtsf jfsL sfo{ef/ k'/f ug{, klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf / ;+3Lotf ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;efjf6 ;+ljwfgnfO{ sfo{g}lts gf/fsf ?kdf u|x0f ub}{ hgtfsf] hLjgdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] / cfwf/ jbNg] pTkfbg / lgdf{0fsfnflu ;+3if{ kf6L{ /0fgLltsf] csf]{ cfofdsf ?kdf sfo{s|dLs ?kdf cufl8 j9fpg] oltjnfsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df jf}l4s ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf ;'lglzrt ug{ h?/L 5 .

#    g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/qdf cfPsf] jbnfj

cfhsf] g]kfn cfly{s /fhg}lts b[li6n] ;fdGtL cjz]if ;lxtsf] bnfn gf]s/zfxL k'hLjfbL / hgtfsf] hgjfbL zlQmsf jLrdf ;Qfsf] l5gfemK6L rln/x]sf] k'hLjfbf]Gd'v tyf gj pklgj]zjfbL zlQm / /fli6|o zlQmsf jLrdf rsf]{ ;+3if{ ;lxt :jflwgtf tkm{ pGd'v ;+s|d0fsflng P]ltxfl;s k|s[ofsf jLrjf6 cufl8 jl9/x]sf] 5 . clxn] klg b]z lxhf]s} h:tf] cw{;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs cj:yfdf g} 5 eGg] s'/f pko'{Qm j:t'ut / o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{gnfO{ gb]Vg] / gj'emg] oflGqs / dgf]ut ;f]rfO{ dfq x'g]5 . jblnPsf] ;dfhsf] rl/q cg';f/ s|flGtsf sfo{gLlt / /0fgLltdf kl/jt{g ug{ g;Sg]x? uf]nrSs/df km:5g\ / l;l4G5g\ t;y{ oltj]nfsf] jblnPsf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] c? rl/qx? s] s] x'g o;sf k|efjx? S:tf slt / sltxb;Dd k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] :t/sf x'g]5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg jx; / cWoog Pj+ cg';Gwfg u/L gof tYodf k'Ug h?/L ePsf] 5 .

#    ;+u7gsf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;

k+rfots} sfn/fqLdf klg s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?sf] j]Un} ;+u7gsf] cfjZostfnfO{ dxz'z u/L 8f afa'/fd e66/fO{s} g]t[Tjdf g]kfn /fli6|o a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf u/L ljleGg af}l4s ultljlwx? ;+rfng u/]sf] xfdL kfp5f} eg] @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft\ k+rfotL lg/s'z zf;gsf] ktg / jx'bnLo zf;g Joj:yfsf] pbo eP tfklg ;f] cfGbf]ng klg ;+emf}tfdf 6'+luPsf] cj:yf ;f]xL j/k/ ;j} jfdkGyLx?sf] ;fefmf af}l4s ;+u7gsf ?kdf a'l4hLjL kl/ifb u7g u/L cl3 j9fpg k|oTg ePsf] eP tfklg Toltj]nfsf] cfGbf]ngsf] dd{ / efjgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ s|flGtsf/Lx?sflglDt 5'6} s|flGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] l;h{gf ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt cfO{ k/]sf] P}ltxfl;s cfjZostfnfO{ jf]w ub}{ @)$* df k'g 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf g]kfn /fli6«o a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . tTkZrft\ lbk]Gb| axfb'/ If]qL, ;'/]z cfn]du/, /d]z zdf{, k|tfk jGt, sf]dn j/fn / @)^# ;fndf ;DkGg /fli6|o ;Dd]ngn] lvdnfn b]jsf]6fnfO{ cWoIfdf lgjf{lrt u/L ;+u7gn] cfkmgf ultljlwx? cufl8 j9fPsf] lyof] . kf6L{ km'6sf sf/0fn] a'l4hLjL ;+u7gdf klg ljefhg cfpg' :jefljs lyof] cfO{ 5f8of] . o; kZrft Pstf s]Gb|df cfPsf] ljefhg h:t} hgo'4df hfg] / ghfg] kf6L{nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ g]kfn /fli6|o a'l4hLjL ;+u7g / k|ultlzn a'l4hLjL ;+u7g b'O{ 5'66f 5'66} a'l4hLjL ;+u7gx? S[oflzn /x] .

bz jif]{ hgo'4 zflGt ;+emf}tfsf] dfWodjf6 zflGt k|s[ofdf k|j]z u/] klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;dkGg eP kl5 / ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq 3f]if0ff eP kl5 km]l/ ljutdf km'6]sf kf6L{x?sf] Plss/0fsf] k|s[of cf/De eof] / lg/Gt/ hf/L /x]sf] Plss/0fsf] o]f k|s[ofdf ldlt @)&).@.!^ ut]sf lbg lvdnfn b]jsf]6fsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] g]kfn /fli6|o a'l4hLjL ;+u7g / kB v8sfsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] k|ultlzn a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf] ;+o'Qm j}7s j;L Pstf k|s[of ;DkGg e} g]kfn /fli6|o k|ultlzn a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf ?kdf oltj]nf xfdL ;+ul7t / s[oflzn 5f}+ .

$    cGo ;+u7gx? jf/] M

olta]nf xfdL afx]s g]kfnL af}l4s hutdf k|ltufdL, oyfl:ytLjfbL / ;'wf/jfbL lsQfsf cGo a'l4hLjL ;+u7gx? klg cl:tTjdf 5g\ . jfdkGyL gfd u/]sf kf6L{x? cfj4 a'l4hLjL ;+u7gx?nfO{ Ps >]0fLdf u}/ jfd bn cfj4 ;+u7gx?nfO{ csf]{ >]0fLdf / k|ltufdL k'g/pTyfgjfbL cfj4 ;+u7gx?nfO{ csf]{ >]0fLdf /fVg ;lsG5 . To;}n] oltj]nf oyfl:yltjfbL / 9'nd'n rl/q jf]s]sf bn / tL cfj4 ;+u7gx?nfO{ ltgsf unt sfd sf/jfxL ljrf/ / b[li6sf]0fsf] e08fkmkf]/ ub}{ kl/jt{gsf kIfdf Nofpg k|oTg ug]{ / olx lsQfdf leqofpg] k|oTg ug]{ / k|ltufdL bn cfj4 ;+u7gn] lng] ;f]r / b[li6sf]0fsf] e08fkmf]/ ub}{ pgLx?sf lj?4 ;+3if{ ug]{ gLlt g} oltj]nfsf] ;+s|d0fsflng 38Lsf] Jojxfl/s gLlt x'g]5 .

%=   ljut b]lv jt{dfg ;Dd

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfd'n kl/jt{gsf kIfdf nfdj4 ePsf cfd s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?sf] k|ltlglwd'ns ;+u7g x'g'sf gftfn] dxfg hgo'4 ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ;d]tdf cfkmgf lhDd]jf/Lx? G]kfnL jf}l4s ;d'bfon] lgjf{x u/]/} cfPsf] tYo ;fj{hlgs g} 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/qdf jbnfj cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL /fhgLlts j[Qdf cfPsf] cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g ljz]if pNn]vgLo 5 . cw{ ;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs g]kfnL ;dfh ;fdGtjfbsf] gfO{s] /fhtGq 9ln;s]sf] u0ftGq 3f]if0ff e};]ssf] cj:yfdf ;fdGtjfbsf cjz]ifx? jfsL /xg' jfx]s cj g]kfn ljut ;f7L jif{b]lv eGb} cfP h:tf] cw{ ;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs cj:yfsf] 5}g . o;} u/L ;fv u/L ;'uf}nL ;lGw kZrft cw{ cf}klgj]lzs cj:yfdf /x]sf] g]kfnL ;dfh ;fd|fHojfbsf] rl/qdf cfPsf] km]/jbn e"d08nLs/0f, lj1fg / k|ljwldf ePsf] ce't k'j{ ljsf; vf; u/L ;'rgf k|ljlwdf cfPsf] s|flGtsf sf/0fn] g]kfn klg k'lhjfbL ljZjdf k|j]z ub}{ u/]sf] / ;fd|fHojfbsf] cf}klgj]lzs rl/qdf ;d]t cfPsf] jbnfjsf sf/0f g]kfn cj cw{ cf}klgj]lzs x}g gj cf}klgj]lzs cj:yfdf kl/0ft x'g k'u]sf] 5 . hj g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q jblnG5 s|flGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltdf klg kl/jt{g cfpg] ub{5 . /fhtGqsf] cGt / u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf, lxGb' clw/fHosf ;66fdf wd{ lg/k]Iftf, PsfTds zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;66fdf ;+3Lotf clg c;dfj]zL zf;gk|0ffnLsf 7fpdf ;fdfj]zL ;dfg'kflts Pj+ ;xeflutfd'ns nf]stGq cfhsf] /fhgLlt jg]sf] 5 . o;n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf ;j} If]qdf cfwf/e"t ?kdf g} km]/jbn NofO{lbPsf] 5 eg] jblnPsf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q cg's'n g]kfnL ;dfhsf cGt/lj/f]wx? Klg jblnPsf5g\ eg] g]kfnL s|flGtsf] /0fgLlt / sfo{gLtdf km]/jbn Nofpg klg h?/L ePsf] 5 . dfS;{jfbnfO{ wd{zf:qsf ?kdf ;dftL/fVg]x?sfnflu eGg' s]xL 5}g t/ 7f]; kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; ljZn]if0f g} dfS;{jfb xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug]{ dfS;{jfbLx?sfnflu eg] dfS;{jfb cg's'n s|flGtsf /f0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt df ljsf; ug{sfnflu of] cj;/ xf] . To;}n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] jblnPsf] rl/q cg';f/ pkl/;+/rgfdf k|fKt pknJwLx?nfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ / o;nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ cj cfwf/ jbNg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg k5{ . cfwf/ jbNg] eg]sf] pTkfb ;DjGw / pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf jbnfj Nofpg] s'/f xf] . To;}n] cfly{s s|flGt pTkfbg / lgdf{0fsfnflu ;+3if{ cfhsf] j:t'jfbL sfo{lbzf jg]sf] 5 .

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cGt/lj/f]wx?sf] of] cj:yfdf / g]kfnL ;j{xf/f ju{sf] cu|b:tf Plss[t g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_n] s|flGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltdf kl/jt{g / ljsf; ul/;s]sf] ;Dbe{df s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?sf] k|ltlglw ;+u7g x'gfsf gftfn] tbg's'n g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljZn]if0f / g]kfnL ;fdfhsf cGt/lj/f]wx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ / ltgnfO{ xn ug]{ s|flGtsf] sfo{lbzf ljsf; ug]{ tkm{ sfo{of]hgf jgfpg h?/L ePsf] 5 .

%=!  j}rfl/s kIfM

      Hfgo'4sfndf cem d'Vot g]kfnL hgo'4 /0fg}lts k|Tos|d0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df a'l4hLjLx?sf] bfloTj, /fli6«o,cGt/f{li6«o kl/l:ylt / ljrf/ ;+Zn]if0fdf af}l4s ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf nufotsf ljifodf dxTjk"0f{ ljrf/ ;+k|]if0ff ug{ h?/L lyof] olx tYonfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} e"ldut cj:yfdf ;d]t vf;u/L cfwf/ O{nfsfsf ufp j:tL / zx/x?df ;d]tæ/0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0f / a'l4hLjLsf] bfloTjÆ ljifos ljrf/ uf]i7L ;DkGg ul/P eg] !( lbg] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft o'4lj/fd eP otf æ/fHosf] k"g/;/rgf / u0ftfGqLs df]rf{ lgdf{0fdf a'l4hLjLsf] e"ldsfÆljifos ljrf/ uf]i7L sf7df08f}df  ;DDkGg ePsf] lyof] .  æ;fj{ef}d ;Qfsf] k|of]u / af}l4s ;d'bfoÆ nufotsf ljifodf s]lGb|t u/L b]z}e/Lsf zfvfx?df / zx/x?df Ps} ;dodf uf]i7L ;DkGg ePsf lyP . t/ nfdf] ;dosf] ;+u7gfTds csd{0otfsf sf/0fn] o; cjlwdf pNn]vgLo sfd eg] ug{ ;lsPg t/ klg ljutsf] l/QmtfnfO{ Ifltk'lt{ ;lxt k'/f ug]{ sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ h?/L 5 .   

%=@ ;+u7gfTds kIf M–

      tTsflng cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sfnflu zx/ s]lGb|t ;+u7g xfn;Dd cfO{ k'Ubf b]zJoflk jg]sf] 5 . ;3{ifsf] ;fk]Iftf / ljrf/ ljsf;sf] ultdf a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf] e"ldsf klg ;zQm aGb} hfg' :jefljs lyof] . xfn ;+u7g b]zJoflk jg]sf] 5 / ;j} lhNnf / zx/x?df ;+u7gsf ultljlwx? ;+rfngdf cfPsf lyP .

t/ b'ef{Uojz g} egf} kf6L{ Pstfn] nfdf] r/0f / ;do kf/ ul/;s]/ klg k6s k6ssf lj:tfl/t j}7sx? ;DkGg e};s] kl5 klg a'l4hLjL ;+u7gdf Pstf x'g ;s]g s}og k|oTgx? Klg c;kmn eP . kf6L{sf] Pstfsf] ;ftf} dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eP kZrft klg jNn rf/ dlxgf kl5  ;+u7gdf cf}krfl/s ?kdf Plss/0f ePsf] 5 / o;n] cfkmgf ultljlwx? Cufl8 j9fPsf] 5 . l9n} eP klg ;+u7g Plss/0f ug]{ sfd ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . Plss/0fsf cefjdf nueu rf/ jif{ vf;u/L s]Gb| lgis[o g} /xof] eg] kmf66 km'66 lhNnfdf ;+u7gsf ultljlwx? eg] s'g} g s'g} ?kdf e} g} /x] . of] oyfy{ ;fj{hlgs ug{\} k5{ o; sf/0f ls ;+u7gfTds ?kdf Pstf xfl;n gubf{ kl/0ffd xft kfg{ ;lsGg eGg] /fd|f] lzIff klg xfl;n ePsf] 5 . ;+u7gdf Pstf xfl;n eP kl5 lhNnf lhNnfdf dfq} x}g ;j} af}l4s ;d'bfodf pT;fxsf] nx/ 5fPsf] 5 b]zJoflk ?kdf lhNnf ;+Dd]ngx? Cfof]hgf x'g] s|d hf/L 5 . h] xf]; s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?df gof cfzfsf] ls/0f b]vf k/]sf] 5 . b]z Joflk ?kdf lhNnf ;Dd]ng ;DkGGg u/]/ /fli6|o ;Dd]ng ;Dkgg ul/;Sbf ;+u7gn] o;sf ;b:ox?n] / g]kfnL af}l4s ;dfhn] ;d]t sfr'nL km]g{] lglZrt 5 .

;+u7gsf] :j?k tTsflng ;dosf] cfGbf]ngsf] cfjZostfn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o'4sf jvt o'4sflng ;+/rgf h?/L kb{Yof] To:t} ;+u7g jGof] zflGtsfndf ;+u7gsf] :j?k klg leGg x'g] g} eof] tbg'?k o;sf] :j?kdf kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L 5 . 7Ls To;} u/L g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q jblnPsf] 5 tbg'?k s|flGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt d} jbnfj cfpg h?/L 7flgof] eg] ;f]xL cg'?k ;+u7gsf] dfu ug'{ :jefljs g} 5 To;}n] a'l4hLjL ;+u7g klg cfkmgf] ;+/rgfjbNg h?/L 7fGb5 . ;do jblnPsf] 5 ;dfhsf rl/q jblnPsf5g tbg'?k ;+u7g / ltgsf sfo{z}nL jbNg ;lsPg eg] tL ;+u7gx? sfdofjL x'g ;Sb}gg . km]l/Psf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q cg';f/ ;+u7gsf] :j?k km]g{ tof/ x'g kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;sfnflu ;+u7gsf] :j?knfO{ dxf;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf jbNg] / af}l4s ;+u7gnfO{ c? hgjuL{o ;+u7g h:t} lg/Gt/tfdf n}hfg eGbf o;sf] ljifo ljz]if1tfsf] If]qnfO{ klxrfg u/L o;sf] dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf] ;+/rgf tof/ ug{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .

%#= k|sfzgM

;+u7gsf] d'vkqsf ?kdf k|fl1s lemNsf] :dfl/sfsf ?kdf k|sfzg ug]{ tof/L ePsf] t o;sfnflu pTkfbg / lgdf{0fsfnflu ;+3if{ kf6L{ /0fgLltsf] csf]{ cfofd ljz]iff+ssf ?kdf cfpg]5 . hgo'4sf bz aif{ k':ts ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L ;'lrsf ?kdf k|sfzg e} dxflwj]zgsf] s]xL cl3 dfq} o;nfO{ ljdf]rg ug]{ sfd ePsf] 5 o; vfnsf] dxTjk'0f{ ;+sng klg sfo{nodf pknJw 5 .

%$ wSsf d"ns sfo{qmdx?M–

}lgz{t ;+ljwfg ;ef / gful/s clwsf/ }, };+ljwfg ;efdf af}l4s ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf }, }u0ftGq g]kfnsf] lgdf{0fdf /fhg}lts bnx?sf] e"ldsf }, }u0ftflGqs df]rf{ :yfkgf ug]{ lbzfdf af}l4s ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf , ;+ljwfg;ef nIo / r'gf}tL, ;+ljwfg ;ef, ;Defjgf / r"gf}tL,  nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ;Defjgf / r'gf}tL, /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;+/rgfsf d"ne"t cGt/j:t'x? cflb ljifodf b]z el/sf zx/L If]qx?df ljrf/uf]i7Lsf ?kdf ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ ;+u7gfTds csd{0otfsf sf/0fn] of] cjlwdf eg] pNn]vgLo sfd ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ev{/} dfq ;+u7gdf Plss/0f ePsf] 5 cfufld lbgdf ljutsf] IfltnfO{ ;d]t k'lt{ ug]{ u/L sfo{s|d ;+rfng ug]{ of]hgf 5 .

%=%  cfly{s kIfM–

k|f/Deb]lv # jif{sf nflu ?= @)).– lnO{ ;b:otf pknAw u/fpg] afx]s ;+u7gsf] cGo cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf gePsfn] ;+u7gn] k/ lge{/ x'g'kg]{ l:ylt lyof] . xfn cfP/ ;+u7gn] ;b:otf /l;b ljt/0fdf Jofkstf NofPsf] a'l4hLjLx? ;+ul7t aGg] qmd lta| ag]sf] af6 ;+u7gsf] cfly{sl:ylt dha't aGg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5. oBkL ;j} If]qx?af6 /sd cfpg l9nf ePsfn] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngnfO{ eAotf lbg sl7gfO{ dx;"; ePsf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5' . s]lGb|o ;b:ox?sf] dfl;s n]jL /sd cl3Nnf] Pstfsf] j}7sdf cfP jfx]s cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . s]lGb|o sfof{nosf] dfl;s ef8f @%,))). a'l4hLjL kf6L{ lhNnf dfkm{t e'Qmfg ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] lx;fj ldnfg klg ;+u7gsf] cfo cfh{g ;+u} ug{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . oyflz3| o;sf] lgsf; vf]Hg h?/L ePsf] 5 .

^=    ;+u7gsf] cfufdL sfo{of]hgf

g]kfnL s|flGtn] gof r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/qdf cfwf/e't ?kdf g} jbnfj cfPsf] 5 . jblnPsf] rl/q cg';f/ g]kfnL s|flGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo[gLltx?sf] ljsf; ug{ h?/L 5 . o:tf] kl/j]zdf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/qdf cfPsf km]/jbnx? S] x'g o;sf] c;/ / k|efj s] ;Dd kg{ ;S5 ;f]sf] cfsng ug]{ / To;jf6 l;h{gf x'g] cj;/ / r'gf}lt b'j}sf] ;fdgf ug{ s|flGtsf/Lx?n] s] pkofsf] cjnDjg ug{ h?/L 5 eGg] nufotsf y'k|} ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . cfwf/e"t ?kdf ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ s]xL klg ePsf] 5}g eGg] / dxfg hgo'4 / ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf P]ltxfl;s s[ltdfgx?sf] cjd'Nog ug]{ nufotsf xs{tx?nfO{ s;/L k|ltjfb ug]{ / ltgn] l;h{gf u/]sf e|dx?nfO{ s;/L :ki6 kfg]{ eGg] r'gf}lt klg oltj]nfsf] d'Vo r'gf}lt xf] .

klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+l3otf ;+3Lotf ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg ;ef jf6} ;+ljwfg eGg] gf/fsf ;fy hgtfdf hfg] / Plss[t dfcf]jfblnfO{ cf+l;s x}g :ki6 jx'dt eGg] gf/f / sfo{of]hgfnfO{ cfd af}l4s hg;d'bfo / cfd af}l4s ;d'bfo dfkm{t hgtfsf 3/ b}nf]df / hgtfsf dg dl:tsdf ;d]t k'/ofpg] sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ gof ;+ljwfg lbb} gof g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] cleofgdf af}l4s hdftsf] lx:;f k'li6 ug{ h?/L ePsf] 5 Psflt/ eg] kl/jt{gsf lj/f]wLx?n] lxhf] ;+ljwfg;ef rfx]sf lyPgg\ cfh klg rfx]sf 5}gg / ef]ln klg rfxg]5}gg t;y{ o; vfn] k|j[lQsf lj?4 lgd{ddtfk'j{s ;+3if{ ug]{ , g]kfnL hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g g;s] ;Dd cyf{t cfly{s ljsf; geP;dd /fhg}lts pknJwLx? Hf]ugp ;lsb}g eGg] tYonfO{ cfTd;f tub}{ efjL of]hgfx? to ug{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .

^=!  a}rfl/s sfo{

csf]{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ;/sf/ lgdf{0f ug{ k'0f{ jx'dt, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsfnflu Ph]08f ldNg]x?nfO{ b'O{ ltxfO{ jx'dt ;'lglZrt ug{ cfd hgtfnfO{ g} k|lzlIft tyf cfGbf]lnt ug]{ vfnsf sfo{s|d cfof]hgf ug]{ oltj]nfsf] tfTsflng / dxTjk'0f{ Psdfq sfo{ef/ x'g]5 . of] nIf xfl;n ug{ af}l4s cleofg ;+rfng ug]{, lj/f]wLn] l;h{gf u/]sf e|dx?nfO{ lrb}{ hgtfdf ;xL ;'rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ nufotsf :yfg ljz]if / :yfg ;fk]If sfo{s|d 5gf]6 u/L ;+rfng ug]{ / ;+ljwg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ;jf{lws ljho xfl;n ug]{ g} oltj]nfsf] k|d'v sfd xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm af}l4s ;+u7g x'gfsf gtfn] lgDg sfo{x? ;d]t ub}{ n}hfg kg]{ 5 .

s_    gofF /fhg}lts r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ ljrf/wf/fTds ljsf; / ;+Zn]if0f ug{ ;3fpg] vfnsf /fhg}lts j}rfl/s k|lzIf0f, ljrf/ uf]i7L 5nkmn cGt/ls|of sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ .  /fli6«o, cGt/fli6«o a'l4hLjLx?nfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ?kfGt/0f / g]kfnL s|flGtsf] df]8]nsf jf/]df k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ / ;f] ;DjGwL tYok/s cg';Gwfg sfo{ ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ .

v_    /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{/rgf , klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf ;DaGwL Jofks af}l4s cleofg ;+rfng ug]{ .

u_    cGt/fli6«o:t/df ljrf/ uf]li7 / sfo{zfnfx?sf] cfof]hgf ub}{ g]kfnL s|flGtsf jfsL sfo{ef/ k'/f ug{ pTkfbg / lgdf{0fsf] sfo{of]hgf ;kmn kfb}{ cfTd lge{/ cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ub}{ d08n] /fi6|jfbsf] e|djf6 g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ d'Qm kfb}{ :jflwg /fi6| lgdf{0fsf] cleofgdf j}b]lzs x:tIf]ksf] lj/f]w k|ltjfb e08fkmf]/ Pj+ ljljw vfn] cfGbf]ngdf PSoj4tf h'6fpg] vfnsf sfo{s|dsf] cfof]hgf ug]{  .

3_    ;j}eGbf dxTjk'0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] s|flGtsf/L cfGbf]ngn] af}l4s If]qsf] dxTjnfO{ cfTd;f tug{ g;sSg] af}l4 If]qn] s|flGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] dd{nfO{ ks8g g;Sg] k|sf/fGt/n] Ps csf{sf lj/f]wL h:tf] cj:yfdf pleg] / pEofpg] hf] k|oTg x'g] u/]sf] 5 of] tYonfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ s|flGtsf/L cfGbf]ng / af}l4s ;d'bfosf jLrdf Ps csf{ jLrsf c;dembf/Lx?nfO{ x6fpb} Ps csf{sf kl/k'/s jgfpg] tkm{ d]xgt ug]{ j]nf cfPsf] 5 .

^=@ ;f+u7lgs sfo{M

cfGbf]ngsf] ult ;d"xsf] :j?k tyf sfdsf] rfk adf]lhd ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgfdf km]/abn ug'{ cTofjZos x'G5 . ;+u7gsf] :j?k / sfdsf] lhDdf d'tfljs  ;+/rgfdf x]/km]/ ub}{ ;b:otf Jofks ?kdf lj:tf/ ug]{ ,k]zfut ljz]if1tfsf] klxrfg ub}{ ;+ul7t ug]{ / kl/rfng ug]{ ,csf]{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf oy]i7 dt k|fKt ug]{ s'/fnfO{ nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ / k|fKt pknJwLx?nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{{ vfnsf ;f+u7lgs ultljlw ul/g] 5 . o;sfnflu k|Tos af}l4s s]Gb|x?df ;+u7gsf] ;Dd]ng e]nf ljrf/ uf]i7L cfof]hgf ug]{, lgjf{rgsfnflu hgpkof]uL ;fdfu|L pTkfbg / ljt/0f ug]{, lgjf{rg ;'xfpbf] ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug]{ / kl/rfng ug]{ .

^=#=  ;+3if{

      af}l4s zf]if0fsf lj?4 af}l4s ;Ddfgsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ Pj+ d'n'ssf] /fli6|o :jflwgtf, hgtfsf] nf]stGq / hglhjLsfsf ;DjlGw ljljw ljrf/ uf]i7L , cGt/lqm{of / ax;åf/f hgtfnfO{ cfGbf]lnt jgfpb} cfufld lgjf{rgdf Plss[t g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf kIfdf dfxf]n l;h{gf ug{ ;3fp k'/ofpg] vfnsf ljljw sfo{s|dx? ;+rfng ug]{ Pdfcf]jfbLsf kIfdf dfxf}n l;h{gf e} lgjf{rg g} gu/fpg] jf Pdfcf]jfbLnfO{ jbgfd ug]{ vfnsf o'4sfnsf d'2fx?sf] lgx' lems]/ r'gfj ef8g] if8oGq ePdf To;sf lj?4 cfGbf]ng / ;+3if{sf sfo{s|ds]f ;+of]hg ug]{ To; lj?4 hgdt tof/ ug]{ . ljZje/ ePsf ;j} juL{o Pj+ /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngdf ;dy{g / ;xof]u ug]{ ;3if{sf] efjL of]hgf x'g]5 .

^=$  k|sfzg

j}rf/Ls ;+3if{sf nflu hgdt l;h{gf ug{, ;+u7gsf sfd sfjf{xLsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ / ;:n]lift ljrf/x?sf] k|jfx ug{ k|sfzgsf] cToGt 7"nf] dxTj x'G5 . k|sfzg ;+u7gn] u/]sf sfdx? / 36gfx?sf] clen]v klg x'g\ . ctM cfufdL lbgdf k|sfzgsf] sfo{nfO{ Plss[t, of]hgfa4 / Jojl:yt ?kn] cuf8L a9fpg k|fl1s lemNsf] nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} ;s];Dd dfl;s k|sfzgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg / ljljw cGo pkof]uL k|sfzg ug]{  nIf /flvPsf] 5 .

&=   efjL r'gf}tL / ;Defjgfx?M

            dfcf]n] eGg'ePsf] 5 æoyfy{nfO{ ga'‰g]x?n] k9]sf] Joy{ 5 . Æ o;}n] dfS;{jfbL lrGtgsf lj?4 ;fd|fHojfbL slyt a'l4hLjLx?n] pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL lrGtg wf/fnfO{ eP gePsf] ann] p5fn]/ juL{o d'QmL cfGbf]ngaf6 cfd a'l4hLjLx?sf] Wofg cGoq df]8\g nflu/x]sf ljljw vfn] if8oGqsf] e08fkmf]/ ug{ h?/L 5 .

&=! csf]{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgM zflGt cu|udg / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf lj?4df ls|oflzn cfGtl/s tyf jfxo vf; u/L ;fd|fHojfbL if8oGQx?sf] e08fkmf]/ ub}{ csf]{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfj lgjf{w ?kdf lgwf{l/t ldltdf ;dkGg ug{ / ;f] lgjf{rgdf Pdfcf]jfbLsf kIfdf ;/sf/ jgfpg k'Ug] jx'dt / ;+ljwfg jgfpg k'Ug] Ph]08f ldNg]x?nfO{ b'O{ ltxfO{ dt k|fKt ug}{ kg] cfhsf] r'gf}lt xf] . o:tf] r'gf}lt v8f ePsf] ;Gbe{df jf]L4s ;d'bfosf] ;/f]sf/ ct'nlgo /xG5 of] r'g}fltsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;s] dfq} gofF g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] ;+efjgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ ;lsg]5 .

&=@ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd'ns ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;+:yfut ug]{ s'/f oltj]nfsf] ;jf{lws dxTjsf] ljifo xf] . cfh ;Ddsf s|flGtn] :yflkt u/]sf / k|fKt pknJwLx? H;nfO{ hgjfbL s|flGtsf pknJwLsf ?kdf g} lng ;lsG5 ltgsf] /If fug]{ s'/f / ltgsf ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{ s'/f oltj]nfsf] d’zVo r'gf}lt xf] tL r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug{ lgjf{rgs} bf}/fgdf cfd dtbftfx?nfO{ ;r]t kf/]/ / k'/} cfGbf]lnt kf/]/ dfq } of] r'gf}ltsf] ;dfgf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf ;+u7g ljZj:t 5 .

&=#  klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf / ;+3Lotf ;lxtsf] /fHosf] k'g;{/rgfMclxn] g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfx?sf] cu| udgsf] afws oyfl:yltjfbL / k|ltufdL ;f]r lrGtg / k|j[lQ g} xf] . To;nfO{ ;dfKt gkf/];Dd g]kfnL hgtfsf s'g} klg ;d:ofx? xn x'g] jfnf 5}g . u0ftGq ;+3Lotf wd{lg/k]Iftf / ;dfj]lztf h:tf dxTjk'0f{ pknJwLx?nfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ g]kfnsf cflbjf;L hghfltx?, blntx?, dWf];Lx?, dlxnfx? , d'lZnd / pk]lIft If]qx?sf] ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg gu/L cfTdf lg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;lxt ;+l3o k|0ffnL4f/f ;a}nfO{ ;Qfsf] cEof; u/fpFb} /fHo ;+rfngdf ;xefuL u/fpg ;s] dfq af:tjLs gofF g]kfn agfpg ;lsg] ePsf] x'+bf g]kfnsf] cfd"n kl/jft{gsf/L af}l4s ;d'bfo To; lbzf tkm{ k"0f{ cfTd ljZjf;sf ;fy pGd"v x'g' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

&=$ k|lt qmflGts]f vt/fsf lj?4 lg/Gt/ s|flGt M

      ljutdf ;dfhjfbL qmflGt ;DkGg ePsf d'n'sx? Klg k|lts|flGTsf] lzsf/ ePsf pbfx/0fx? K|z:t} 5g\ ltgjf6 lzIff lnb} g]kfnL ;dfhdf g]kfnL df]8]nsf] s|flGt ug]{ lbzfdf cl3 j9g / To;vfnsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ clef/f xfd|f] sfwdf klg cfPsf] 5 .

. To;}n] af}l4s ;d'bfo olta]nf h;/L ;Dk'0f{ /fHo s|flGtsf/Lx?n] lhDdf lng] cj;/ glhs} b]lvb}5 To;jf6 xfdL hlt pT;fxLt 5f} Tolt g} lrGtf ;Qf k|fKtL kl5 x'g] ;DefjLt k|ltqmflGtaf6 ;r]t aGg' kg]{ / agfpg kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . To:f}n] lg/Gt/ s|flGtsf] dfWod4f/f k|lts|flGtnfO{ /f]Sg] ;+oGqsf ?kdf of] ;+u7g pleg h?/L 5 . s|lGtleq csf]{ s|flGt 5]8]/dfq k|lts|flGtnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;+u7g tbg's"nsf] of]hgf lgdf{0fdf h'6g h?/L 5 .

&=%   ;+u7gnfO{ k/Dk/f wfGg] ;fwgsf ?kdf jrfO{/fVg'sf] vf; cy{ x'b}g . ;+u7g sfdsfhL x'g h?/L 5 . o;sfnflu o; ;+u7gnfO{ af}l4s s]Gb|x?df s]lGb|t jgfpg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg h?/L 5 eg] dxf;+3Lo :j?kdf n}hfg] k|s[ofsf] yfngLsf ?kdf ef}uf]lns k|ltlglwTj, ljz]if1tfsf] k|ltlglwTj / k]zfut k|ltlglwTj ug]{ :j?kdf jbNg] s'/f ljz]if dxTjsf] /xg]5 . o;}u/L ljifout lj1tfsf cfwf/df lhDd]jf/L jf8kmf8 ug]{ / tbg's'nsf] cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] yfngL ug]{ oltj]nfsf] vfrf] xf] .

*=   pk;+xf/M

      æcfˆgf] :jfy{df 7Ss/ nfUg vf]Hbf dflg;n] a? /]vf ul0ftsf] k|d]ox?nfO{ r'gf}tL lbG5 t/ xtkt cfˆgf] :jfy{ 5f]8b}gÆ . eGg] sfn{ dfS;{sf] Pp6f 3tnfUbf] cleJolQm cfh g]kfnL wtL{df b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . zf]ifs ju{ cfˆgf] n'6sf] :ju{ hf]ufpg ;+;f/nfO{ u'xf/]/ Gjf/fg b]lvsf] an nufP/|lts[ofjfbLx?sf k|lts|flTsf/L xs{tx?nfO{ k/f:t ug{ of]hgfj4 9+un] nfUof} eg] s'g} klg efjL r'gf}tLnfO dxfg\ ;Defjgfdf abNg ;lsg] l:ylt 5 .

      b]z / hgtfsf] d'lQmsf vflt/ ;+3if{ ubf{ xfdLn] w]/} u'dfPsf 5f}+, xhf/f}+ cfkmGt lk|ohgx? u'dfPsf 5f}+, cËx? u'dfP/ c+ue+u ePsf 5f}+ To;}n] o;k6s bl/nf d'7L p7fP/ o;} P]ltxfl;s kfrf} /fli6«o ;Dd]ngaf6 g]kfnL hgtfsf] clGtd lahosf] lglDt Pstfj4 e} g]kfnL hgtfsf] dg lhTg] cleofgdf xfdkmfNg] k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/f}+ . xfd|f ;fd' v8f ePsf r'gf}ltx?nfO{ cj;/df jbnf}+ .

klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf ;+3Lotf ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg

g]kfn /fli6|o k|ultlzn a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf] cleofg .

jL/ zxLb – nfn ;nfd Û   lj/ j]kQf of]4fx? nfn;nfd         

NOTE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BY YB THAPA

u|fld0f ;d'bfodf cfly{s j[l4 / ;fdflhs k'g/lgdf{0fsf ljBdfg k|j[lQ / ;+efjgf jf/]M Ps l6kf]6

-       8f= jfO{ jL= yfkf

-1-

;dfhsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ cu:t sf]d6]n] tLg r/0f / sfn{dfS;{n] kf+r r/0fdf ljefhg u/] klg pQ/-cfw'lgs o"udf cfO{k'Ubf cw{-;fdGtL ;dfhnfO{ l;w} k'FlhjfbL ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ ;+efjgfx? j9]sf 5g\ h:tf] ls P=g]skf-dfcf]jfbLsf] x]6f}8f  dxflwj]zg . k|:t't n]vsf ljifoj:t'x? u|fdL0f ;dfhdf cfly{s pTkfbsTj / ;fdflhs ljt/0f b'j}nfO{ k|ultlzn jgfpg ljBdfg cj;/x?sf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ / ;+ljwfg ;ef lgj{frg - @ Pj+ :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] lgjf{rg @)&) r}qdf j'l4lhljx? cfd hgtf;+u s;/L Psfsf/ x'g;S5g\ eGg] Wo]odf cfwfl/t 5 .

-2-

;dfh ?kfGt/0fsf] d'Vo ;+jfxs zlQm dfgj >d tyf To;n] k|of]u ug]{ k'FhL / k|ljlwx? x'g\ . /fli6«o hg;+Vof Pj+ cfjf; u0fgf - @)^* / g]kfn >d ;j]{If0f - @)^% n] /f]huf/df /x]sf] >dsf] ljleGg pBf]ux? / u|fdL0f Pj+ ;x/L j:tL cg';f/sf] ljj/0fx? pknJw u/fpmFb5g\ . g]kfn >d ;j]{If0f @)^% cg';f/ b]zdf s"n Ps s/f]8 &* nfv dflg; /f]huf/ lyP . o; dWo] u|fdL0f j:tLdf Ps s/f]8 b'O{ nfv -*&%_ / ;x/L j:tLdf !% nfv -!#%_ dflg; kb{5g\  -x]g'{xf]; lrq g+= !_ .

lrq g+= !M pBf]u / j;f]jf; cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf ;g @))* -g]kfn >d ;j]{If0f_

lrqdf pNn]v ul/P em} cTolws >dzlQm s[lif{df lge{/ /x]sf] 5 / o;sf] pTkfbsTj / Hofnfb/ Go"gtd 5 . of] s'/f u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L b'j} j:tLx?df nfu' x'G5 . csf]{ zJbdf >dzlQmnfO{ s[lif k]zfjf6 pBf]u / ;]jfIf]qx?df :yfgfGt/0f ug'{ cfj:os 5 . >dsf] cGt/-pBf]u :yfgfGt/0f ug{ s]xL ;do nfUg] x'G5 . tTsfn s"n /f]huf/ >dsf] *&% u|fdL0f If]qdf / &$% s[lifdf ;+nUg /x]sf] 5 . t;y{M hgtfsf] nflu u|fdL0f - s[lif (Agrarian) ?kfGt/0f Pp6f k|d'v k|:yfg ljGb' xf] . t;y{M Pu|]l/og ?kfGt/0fsf ljleGg ;ft kIfx? jf/] df}h'bf sfg'gL / ;+:yfut k|fjwfgx? jf/] oxf+ ljifo p7fg ul/Psf] 5 .

!= e"-:jfldTj / pkof]uM

cfjf; tyf pTkfbg sfo{df k|of]u x'g ;Sg] hldgsf] :jfldTj ljleGg lgsfox? h:t} lghL If]q, :yfgLo ;/sf/, u'7L, s]lGb|o ;/sf/, ljleGg ;+:yfx?, cflb df /x]sf] 5 . csf]{tkm{ t/fO{ Pj+ ;x/df hg;+Vofsf] 7'nf] lx:;f sl/j e"ldlxg / cfjf;lxg cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf - @)^( / dfly pNn]lvt hg;+Vof tyf cfjf; u0fgf - @)^* n] o; tYosf] k'li6 ug]{5g\ . s[lif e"ldsf] :jfldTj / ljj/0fnfO{ e"ld P]g @)@! n] lglb{i6 ub{5 . csf]{ tkm{, ;/sf/n] e"-pkof]u gLlt jgfpg jf+sL g} 5 . o; cj:yfdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] kx'+r hldg, cfjf; / hLljsfdf j9fpg lgDg b'O{ sfo{x? tTsfn ug{ ;lsG5 . k|yd, e"ld/ j;f]jf; ljlxg hgtfnfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug{ e":jfldTjsf] l:ylt kQf nufpg] / u}x| lghL hldgnfO{ s/f/ k|s[of cGtu{t nlIft ju{nfO{ pknJw u/fpg] . o;sf] ;fy} ;/sf/n] hUuf j}s/ vl/b dfkm{t s[lif hldgsf] k'g/ljt/0f ug]{ . of] pkfo t/fO,{ /fhdfu{ / ;x/L If]qdf jl9 k|efjsf/L x'g]5 . bf];|f], ;/sf/nfO{ lghL :jfldTjsf] s[lif hldgsf] Plss[t ;"rgf clen]v tof/ ul/ lgodfg';f/ ug{ bjfj lbg] . k'gM s[lif e"-pkof]u gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / nfu' ug]{ . o:tf sbdjf6 s[lif pTkfbgsf ;fwfgx?sf] :jfldTj, k|of]u / pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ x'g]5 .

@= pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?sf] lgdf{0f / kl/rfngM

u|fdL0f 3/kl/jf/x?sf] kx'Fr ;fd'lxs k|fs[lts ;|f]tx? -h:t} jg, l;+rfO{, vfg]kfgL, ljB't_ Pj+ ;fdflhs ;]jfx? -h:t}M lzIff, :jf:Yo, u'7L_ df k'¥ofpb} hgtfnfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ;+jlGw ljleGg P]gx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M jg P]g @)$(, u}x|sfi7 jg k}bfj/ gLlt @)^!, hn;|f]t P]g, ljB't P]g, lzIff P]g, :jf:Yo ;+jlGw gLlt, cflb . pbfx/0fsf] nflu xfn !*,^*% ;fd'bflos pkef]Qmf ;+3x?df @@ nfv kl/jf/x? cfj4 5g\ . xfn ;d'bfo, jg ljefu / Jofkf/Lx? dWo] ljleGg cjflG5t sf/0fn] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?df hgtfsf] kx'Fr ;'b[9 ug]{ cleofgdf sld cfPsf] 5 . cflkt' j'l4hLljx?n] ;d'bfodf pkef]Qmf cfGbf]ngnfO{ jlnof] jgfP/ k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] ;b'kof]u, ;+/If0f / Gofo ug{ cu|l0f e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb5g\ .

#= u/LjL lgjf/0f Pj+ vfB ;'/IffM

g]kfn lhjg:t/ ;j]{If0f @)^^/^& n] u|fdL0f If]qsf @&=$% kl/jf/ u/LaLsf] /]vf eGbf tn /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 -/ ;x/df klg u/LaL kl/jf/sf] cg'kft j9\b} uPsf] 5_ . u/LaL Go"lgs/0f/ lgjf/0fsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ u/LaL lgjf/0f P]g @)^# cGtu{t :yflkt ul/Psf] u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if (Poverty Alleviation Fund – PAF) n] ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? lgdf{0f ul/ ;]jf k'/fpg] k|fjwfg 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if cGtu{t sl/j @@ xhf/ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? jg]sf 5g\ / sl/j 5 nfv 3/kl/jf/x? o;df cfj4 e};s]sf 5g\  -cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)^(/&)_ . ;fd'bflos cu'jfx?n] u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if, cflb, h:tf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ Jofks jgfpg / o;sf ;fd'bflos ;:yfx?nfO{ ;xsf/L/ Jofj;flos ;+u7gx?df ?kfGt/0f ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb5g\ . k'gM cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] vfB ;'/Iff/ ;fj{ef}ldstfnfO{ hgtfsf] sfg"gL clwsf/sf] ?kdf ls6fg u/]sf] 5 . o; k|;+udf ef/tsf] vfB ;'/Iff ljw]os cu:t @)!# O{=;+= dxTjk"0f{ ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L x'g]5 .

$= ;xsf/L ;+u7g/ ;dfhx?M  

;xsf/L P]g ;g !((@ -;+zf]wg ;g @)))_ n] ;xsf/L ;+u7g / ;xsf/L ljsf; j}s, cflb ljsf; ug]{ jf6f] vf]n]sf] 5 . ;xsf/L ;+u7g ljsf;sf ljleGg ;|f]tx? h:t}M s[ifs, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, ;fd'bflos ;+u7g, cflb x'g\ / ;xsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] lj:tf/ / ;'wf/n] ;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ ;zQm jgfpg w]/} d2t ub{5 . lj=;+= @)^( ;Dd b]zdf @^ xhf/ kf+r ;o ;xsf/L ;+u7g lyP / Ps k|If]k0f cg';f/ ;xsf/Lx?sf] ;+Vof lj=;= @)&% ;Dddf sl/j %@ xhf/ k'Ug]5 [-x]g'{xf]; lrq g+= @ -s_ / -v_] . To:t}, xfn ;xsf/L o'lgogsf] ;+Vof @%* / ;xsf/L ljsf; j+}s Ps /x]sf 5g\ h;nfO{ j9fpg' h?/L 5 . k'gM ;xsf/L gLlt Pj+ P]gnfO{ ;'wf/ ul/ ;xsf/L pBf]ux? btf{/ ;+rfng ug'{ cfj:os 5 . 

lrq g+= @ -v_M lqmofsnfkx? cg';f/ ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;+Vof

%= cf}Bf]lus ljsf;M

cf}Bf]lus O{sfO{x?nfO{ k'+hLsf] cfwf/df 3/]n', ;fgf / 7'nf ju{x?df ljefhg ul/G5 . pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g ;g !((@, ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g ;g !((@, cflb Pj+ pBf]usf] ;+rfng ;fem]bf/L P]g ;g !(^$ Pj+ sDklg P]g @))&, cflbjf6 ;+rfng x'G5g\ . ;g @)^* ;Dd btf{ ePsf s"n pBf]ux?sf] ;+Vof o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M 3/]n' pBf]u !!,$)&, ;fgf pBf]u !,#@,)@) / 7'nf $,*#! j6f . /fli6«o cfodf pBf]u (Manufacturing) sf] cg'kft j9\g' kg]{df ;f] 36\b} uPsf] 5 . u|fdL0f ;dfhsf] ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]un] l56f] / 7'nf] kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sb5g\ . cfufdL bzsdf 7'nf pBf]ux?sf] ;+Vof klg xfnsf] sl/j kf+r xhf/d} l;ldt x'G5 jf j9]/ em08} gf} xhf/ k'U5 eGg] k|j[lQ ljleGg kIfx? h:t}M :yflgo dfu, sRrf kbfy{, >d, k'+hL/ Jofhb/, eG;f// s/, ljlgdo b/, k|ljlw/ ;Lk, cflbdf lge{/ ug]{5 -lrq g+= #_ . b]zsf] hgzlQmdf j}1flgs, k|ljlw lj1, Joj:yfks Pj+ pBldx?sf] b'n{e x'g ;dfh ljsf;sf] ;j} eGbf 7'nf] cj/f]w xf] .

lrq g+= # -v_M ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux?sf] If]qut ljj/0f

^= gful/s ;dfh ;+u7g -CSO_M

v'nf Pj+ jx'njfbL ;dfhdf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf j9\b} hfg' ckl/xfo{ 5 . ;+3;+:yf btf{ P]g lj=;= @)#$  cGtu{t btf{ eO{ ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifbdf cfj4 /x]sf CSO/ NGO sf] ;+Vof lj=;= @)^^ df sl/j #@ xhf/ tLg ;o k'u]sf] lyof] / ;f] ;+Vof lj=;+= @)&% df sl/j $% xhf/ k'u]kl5 l:y/ x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 [x]g'{xf]; lrq g++= $ -s_ / -v_] . To:t} INGO sf] ;+Vof sl/j !%) 5 .

lrq g+= $ -v_M sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ u}x|;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Vof

NGO jf/] ljjfb / k'jf{u|x jl9 x'g] u/]sf] 5 .  ;/sf/n] gful/s ;dfh ;+u7gx? (CSOs/ NGOs/INGOs) sf] Joj:yfkg / k|efjsfl/tf j9fpg ckgfpg' kg]{ s]xL sfo{x?nfO{ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M /fli6«o/ ;fdflhs lxt ;+jlGw gLlt, ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifbsf] Ifdtf, :yflgo ;/sf/x?sf] :yfkgf . gful/s ;dfhsf] plbodfg e"ldsf ;fdflhs oyfy{ xf] / k|ultlzn j'l4lhljx?sf] o;df ;lqmo ;+nUgtf l;h{gfsf] cj;/ xf] . 

&= :yflgo ;/sf/M

pk/f]Qm pNn]lvt ;+u7gx? -;d'bfo, hgtf, Joj;fo, gful/s_ jf6 :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] If]qdf ;+qmd0f ubf{ hg:t/df /fHo/ ;/sf/sf] ;';~rfngsf] cj;/ l;h{gf x'G5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/x? -sl/j #,%)) uflj;, ^) gu/kflnsf / &% lhlj;, cflb_ ;~rfnsf] nflu hg:t/d} ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x?df ;d]t dflemPsf] :yfgLo g]t[Tj tof/ x'g]5 .

-3-

lgisif{df o;f] eGg ;lsG5 ls g]kfnsf] /fHo Joj:yfkgdf pkl/txdf w]/} rnv]n eP klg cfwf/e"t tx/ hg:t/df sd} dfq cfw'lglss/0f ePsf] 5 . t;y{M vf; u/]/ k|ultlzn j'l4lhljx?n] hg:t/df hglhljsf, ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;zlQms/0f ug]{ ;+:yfut cfwf/ jgfpg] tTsflns s]xL k|fjwfgx? jf/] oxf+ pNn]v ul/of] . o;jf6 j'l4lhljx?n] cfwf/e"t :t/df cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ;'wf/ ug{ / 7'nf] kl/jt{gsf] d~r tof/ ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

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