NATIONAL CONVENTION AND TASK OF REVOLUTIONARY INTELLECTUALS

a'l4hLjL df]rf{sf] /fli6|o ;Dd]ng / sfo{ef/x?jf/]

lvdnfn b]jsf]6f

g]kfn /fli6|o k|ultlzn a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf] Pstfsf] kfrf} /fli6|o ;Dd]ng O{ltxf;s} cToGt hl6n / r'gf}lt / ;+efjgfx?sf jLrdf x'g u}/x]sf]5 . P]ltxfl;s ?kdf k|fKt ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] cjlwjf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g g;sL cj;fg ePsf sf/0fn] csf]{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;+3f/df g} 5, ;fdGtL /fhtGqsf] cGt e} u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 t/ To;nfO{ gof ;+ljwfg dfkm{t ;+:yfut ug]{ sfo{ef/ jfsL 5 . nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] PsfTds /fHo ;+/rgfsf] cGt :jfoQtf :jzf;g / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;lxtsf] klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotfsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePsf] 5 To;nfO{ klg ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yfkg ug{ jf+sL 5 . wd{ lg/k]Iftf / ;dfj]lztfsf] cj:yfnfO{ klg ;+:yfut ug{ jfsL g} 5 . ;du|df ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts / ;xeflutfd'ns ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq oltj]nfsf] k'lhjfbL s|flGtsf] dxTjk'0f{ sfo{ef/ xf] hf] k'/f ug{ kg]{ cj:yfdf 5 . ;fy;fy} cfly{s s|flGt ljgf k|fKt /fhg}lts pknJwLx?nfO{ hf]ufpg / ;+:yfut ug{ klg ;+ej 5}g eGg] lgisif{sf ;fy Pdfcf]jfbLn] pTkfbg / lgdf{0fsfnflu ;+3if{ kf6L{ /0fgLltsf] gof cfofd s} ?kdf cufl8 ;f/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o:tf] 38Ldf s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] v]Ng kg]{ e"ldsfsf jf/]df ;+If]kdf rrf{ ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lrq0fM

g]kfnL ;dfh oltj]nf klg ljut ;f7L jif{ h:t} cw{ ;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs g} 5 jf dxfg hgo'4sf] jndf ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ;d]tsf] ;fy ;xof]udf u0ftGq ;+3Lotf wd{lg/k]Iftf / ;dfj]lztf h:tf pknJwLx? xfl; e};s]kl5 jblnPsf] 5 < eGg] jf/]df oflGqs / h8z'lqo b[li6sf]0fn] oyfjt 5 eG5 t/ ef}ltsjfbL dfS;{jfbL / s|flGtsf/L cfzfjflbtfsf b[li6n] cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 eG5 / g]kfnL ;dfh oltj]nf ljutsf] eGbf km/s cj:yfdf 5 eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ ub{5 . t;y{ cfhsf] g]kfn cfly{s /fhg}lts b[li6n] ;fdGtL cjz]if ;lxtsf] bnfn gf]s/zfxL k'hLjfbL / hgtfsf] hgjfbL zlQmsf jLrdf ;Qfsf] l5gfemK6L rln/x]sf] k'hLjfbf]Gd'v tyf gj pklgj]zjfbL zlQm / /fli6|o zlQmsf jLrdf rsf]{ ;+3if{ ;lxt :jflwgtf tkm{ pGd'v ;+s|d0fsflng P]ltxfl;s k|s[ofsf jLrjf6 cufl8 jl9/x]sf] 5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5 . o;/L g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/qdf cfPsf] jbnfjsf jf/]df hgtfdf k|rf/ ug]{ / k|lzIfLt ug]{ e"ldsf s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] lgjf{x ug{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

j}rfl/s :ki6tfsf] vfrf]M

dfly pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] jblnPsf] ;dfhsf] rl/q cg';f/ s|flGtsf sfo{gLlt / /0fgLltdf kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L ePsf] 5 ;f] ug{ g;Sg]x? uf]nrSs/df km:5g\ / l;l4G5g\ t;y{ oltj]nfsf] jblnPsf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q cg';f/ cjsf] ;+3if{sf] :j?k pkl/;+/rgfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ cfwf/ jbNg h?/L 5 cfwf/ jbNg] eg]sf] pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf jbNg] eg]sf] xf] To;sf/0f cfly{s a[l4 :jlwg / /li6|o k'lh ;lxtsf] cfly{s ljsf; h;n] pTkfbg ;DjGw / pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf xfjL /x]sf] bnfn / g]fs/zfxL ju{sf] g]t[Tj / jr{:j /x]sf] g]kfnL cy{tGqdf ;+3if{sf] cf/De ug]{ 5 bnfn / gf]s/zfxL k'hLsf lj?4 ;+3if{ u/]/ dfq} /fli6|o / :jflwg cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{5 o; vfnsf] j}rfl/s :ki6tfsf] vfrf] g]kfnL ;dfhn] vf]h]sf] 5 o; jf/]df jf}l4s If]qn] hgtfdf :ki6 kfb}{ pTkfb / lgdf{0fsf lglDt ;+3if{sf jf/]df dfS;{jfbLo cjwf/0ff ;lxtsf yk c? rl/qx? s] s] x'g o;sf k|efjx? S:tf slt / sltxb;Dd k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] :t/sf x'g]5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg jx; / cWoog Pj+ cg';Gwfg u/L gof tYodf k'Ug ;xof]u ug{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

tTsflng sfo{ef/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgM

oltj]nf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] jblnPsf] rl/q cg';f/sf] s|flGtsf] sfo{ef/sf ?kdf k|fKt pknJwLx?nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ lhDd]jf/L g} kb{5 . o;sfnflu klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf ;+3Lotf ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;efjf6} ;+ljwfg tfTsflns sfo{g}lts gf/f x'g k'u]sf] 5 . of] sfo{ef/ k'/f x'gf;fy k'hLjfbL hgjfbL s|flGtsf] dxTjk'0f{ lx:;f k'/f x'g] / jfsL so{ef/ k'/f ug]{ cfwf/ lgdf{0f x'g] cy{t jfsL sfo{ef/ k'/f ub}{ ;dfhjfbL s|flGtsf] yfngL x'g] 7fpdf g]kfnL s|flGt k'Ug] ub{5 . o;vfnsf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljsf;s|d;+u} ljsl;t ePsf] g]kfnL s|flGtsf] dfu{lrqnfO{ g]kfnL hgtfsf jLrdf k|rf/ ug]{ sfo{ef/ s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?sf] g} x'g] ub{5 .

;+ljwfg;efdf >]i7tf xfl;n ug{ kg]{

G]fkfnL s|flGtsf] dfu{lrq h;/L cufl8 j9]sf]5 To;} cg'?k s|flGtsf sfo{of]hgfx? lgdf{0f ug{ h?/L 5 . o;sfnflu s|flGtsf] sfo{gLlts} ?kdf /x]sf] lgjf{rgdf >]i7tf xfl;n ug{ clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . cfkmgf] sfo{gLlt ;kmn kfg{ ;lsPg / cfkm}n] to u/]sf] dfu{lrq k5ofpg ;lsPg eg] / cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] nIf k|fKt ug{ ;lsPg eg] s|flGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltx?n] ;kmntf k|fKt ug]{ k|Zg g} x'b}g  . To;}n] s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?sf] oltj]nfsf] sfo{ef/ lgjf{rgdf Pdfcf]jfbLnfO{ lgjf{rgdf cu|:yfgdf k'/ofpgsfnflu x/ t/xn] nfuL kg]{ g} x'g]5 . o;f] ug{ ;Sbf ;+ljwfg;efjf6 ;+ljwfg klg hf/L x'g] / ;f] ;+ljwfg klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf / ;+3Lotf ;lxtsf] g} x'g] kSsf 5 . o;f] ul/;Sbf kf6L{ dxflwj]zgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] tfTsflng sfo{gLlt ;kmn x'g]5 h;n] s|flGtsf] /0fgLltnfO{ g} ;3fp k'/ofpg]5 .

dWojlt{ tKsfsf] dg lhTg kg]{ cj:yfM

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfsf/ s|flGtsfndf dfcf]n] lrlgof ;dfhsf] JoVof u/] h:t} 3fDkf] cfsf/sf] 5 . lkwsf] efu klg ;f3'/f] 3f6L klg ;f3'/f] jLrsf] efu k'ms]sf] cyf{t lkwsf] efu ;j{xf/f ju{ klg l;ldt d'vsf] efu ;fdGtL ju{ klg l;ldt clg ljrsf] efu 3ofDkf] cfsf/sf] hf] dWojlt{ tKsf xf] p;sf] jfx'Notf /x]sf] 5 t;y{ jfx'No /x]sf] dWojlt{ tKsfnfO{ ghLltsg r'gfj lhTg ;lsb}g . dWojlt{ tKsfsf] dg lhTg] u/L sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sbf dfq} lgjf{rg lhTg ;lsG5 o;sfnflu af}l4s tKsf cufl8 gj9g] xf] eg] of] sfd ;+ej 5}g . t;y{ s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] o; tkm{ u+le/ e} cfkmgf] sfo{ef/ ;Dkgg ug{ h?/L 5 .

;fdflhs ;Qfsf] k|of]uM

/fhg}lts ;Qf / ;fdflhs ;Qf x/]s ;dfhdf Tolts} dxTjsf;fy cfkmgf] k|efj zf;g ;+rfngdf k|efljt kfg]{ u/]sf5g\ . /fhg}lts ;Qfdf /fhg}lts bnsf] k|efj /x]g u5{ / cf}krfl/s ?kdf zf;g /fhg}lts ;Qfn] g} ;+rfng ub{5 / ;lbof}b]lvsf] ;dfh ;fdflhs ;Qfsf dfWodjf6 ;+rfngdf /xL cfPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;Qfsf ;+rfnsx? eg]sf af}l4s tKsfx? X'g k]zfut ;d'xx? g} x'g . g]kfnL s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx? ;fdflhs ;Qfsf lx:;]bf/ ePsf x'gfn] ;fdflhs ;Qfsf] k|of]u ub}{ o;sf] >]i7tf xfl;n ug{df of]ubfg ug{ kg]{ j]nf cfPsf] 5 . o;f] eof] eg] dfq} s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] k|of]u u/]sf] ;fdflhs ;Qfsf] k|efjsf sf/0fn] ;+ljwfg;efdf kl/jt{gsf/L bn Pdfcf]jfbLsf] >]i7tf xfl;n x'g]5 .

lj/f]wLx?sf b'ik|rf/sf] v08gM

lgjf{rgsf] k/Dk/f t]>f] ljZjsf d'n'sx?df Tolt w]/} /fd|f] 5}g g]kfn To;sf] k|ltlglw d'n's g} x'g] ub{5 hxf ;j} xys08f k|of]u ul/G5 . lgjf{rg ;fd bfd b08 e]bn] lhTg] ul/Psf] / o;} tYon] :yflkt ePsf] klg w]/} k'/fgf] ePsf] 5}g . cj t dgL, d;n, ldl8of, dflkmof nufotsf dfnk|flS6;]; / o;}sfnflu dWojlt{ tKsfsf] b'?kof]u vt/gfs pbfx/0f jg]sf5g\ . ltgsf] cfwf/df hgtfdf e|d kfg]{ / lgjf{rg lhTg] cfwf/ jg]sf klg 5g\ . o;vfnsf] b'?kof]u hgtfsf] cfwf/ u'dfO{;s]sfx?n] g} ug]{ ub{5g\ . t/ o;sf] k|efj unt 9+un] hgtfdf kg{ uof] eg] o;n] lgjf{rg / ;f]sf] kl/0ffddf kg]{ vt/f k}bf x'G5 t;y{ o;vfnsf k|efjjf6 hgtfnfO{ hf]ufP/ /fVg / lj/f]wLx?n] u/]sf o; vfnsf xs{tx?sf] v08g ug{ klg a'l4hLjLx?sf] e'ldsf cy{k'0f{ x'G5 . t;y{ o;nfO{ cfkmg} e"ldsf 7fg]/ cfufl8 j9g h?/L ePsf] 5 .

;'rgf k|fKtL / ljZn]if0f

Af}fl4s ;d'bfo ;'rgfsf >f]t klg x'g . ;xL ;'rgf / ;f]sf cfwf/df ul/g] ljZn]if0fn] dfq} kl/0ffd 7Ls 7fpdf Nofpg] ub{5 . w]/} xb;Dd /fHon] jgfPsf of]hgfx? c;kmn x'gfsf sf/0fx? dWo unt ;'rgf / unt ;'rgfsf cfwf/df ePsf] ljZn]if0f / ;f]xL cfwf/df x'g] sfo{Gjogn] c;kmntf jfx]s c? lrh xft nfUb}g t;y{ s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx? ;'rgf ;+sng ug]{ ;f] ;'rgf ;xL x'g kg]{ / ;f] ;xL ;'rgfsf cfwf/df ul/g] ljZn]if0f / lgisif{sf cfwf/df tof/ kfl/g] of]hgf / ;f] of]hgfsf cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] kl/0ffd ;'vb g} x'g]5 . t;y{ s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] cfkmgf] o; vfnsf] dxTjnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ cl3 j9g h?/L 5 .

:ki6 jQmfsf] e"ldsfM

oBlk obfsbf dfS;{jfbLx? Af}fl4s tKsfnfO{ s|flGtsfnflu 9'nd'n] rl/q ePsf] jf e/ ug{ g;lsg] zlQmsf ?kdf JofVof ulG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df o;nfO{ emg} rsf]{ ?kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 t/ ;f/ t / kl/0ffdtMaf}l4s tKsfsf] e"ldsf To:tf] sbflk x'g] u/]sf] kfO{b}g . dfS;{jfbLx? kl/0ffddf ljZjf; ub{5g\ To;}n] ;+;f/ e/Lsf s|flGtsf/L cfGbf]ngx?df af}l4s ;d'bfonfO{ oxL / o:t} ;sf/fTds k|efjsf ?kdf k|of]u ug]{  u/]sf] kfO{G5 . hgtfsf jLrdf cfkmgf s'/f :ki6;+u /fVg ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf sf/0fn] g} a'l4hLjLx?nfO{ o; vfnsf sfdsfnflu /f]Hg] ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy ;fy} sltko dfdnfdf ljZjf; cfh{g u/]sf ;fdflhs ;Qfsf ;+rfns ePsf sf/0fn] pgLx?sf] s'/f hgtfn] ;'Gg ?rfp5 of] dxTjnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L g]kfnL s|flGtsf/Lx? klg af}l4s tKsfsf] of] cx+ dxTjsf] e"ldsfnfO{ klg pkof]u ug{ kl5 x6g x'b}g eg] s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx? Klg o; vfnsf] cfkmgf] ul/df / dxTjjf6 cgle1 /xg x'b}g . :ki6 jQmfsf] ljlzi6 u'0f / Ifdtf ePsf s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] o; vfnsf] ljlzi7 1fg / Ifdtfsf] e/k'/ pko]fu ug{ cufl8 j9g h?/L 5 h;n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ?kfGt/0fdf pNn]Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 .

ljjfb ;dfwfgsf cfwf/M

ljjfb / 4Gbsf w]/} sf/0fx? x'g] ub{5g\ . ;j} ljjfbx?sf] cfwf/ ;dfg ?kdf / lg/k]If ?kdf j}1flgs x'b}gg / j}rfl/s jf /fhg}lts jf bfz{lgs klg x'b}gg . o;f] x'bf x'b} klg tL ljjfbx?n] ;fdfhdf ck'/0fLo Iflt klg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . h;sf jf/]df w]/} dflg;x? bnx? / ;+:yfx?n] Vofn u/]sf] kfO{b}g . vf;u/L ljjfbx?sf] >f]tsf ?kdf [Lack of Knowledgw_c1fgtf k|d'v x'g] u/]sf] 5 eg] [Miss information or half information]unt ;'rgf jf cw{ ;'rgfsf cfwf/df jgfO{g] wf/0ff klg ljjfbsf] csf]{ vt/gfs >f]t xf] . t;y{ c1fgtf jf unt 1fgdf cfwfl/t ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ltgnfO{ 1fg lbg] ;xL 1fg lbg] / k'/f 1fg lbg] jfx]s csf]{ x'g} ;Sb}g . o;f] ug{ af}l4s ;d'bfo jfx]s c? s;}n] ug{ ;Sb}g . t;y{ o; vfnsf] e"ldsfdf cfkm'nfO{ v/f] ptfg{ klg s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLn] 5f]8g x'b}g . o;sf ;fy} o;} cfwf/df l;h{gf ePsf ljjfbx?nfO{ ;xL ;'rgf jf 1fg k|bfg u/]/ ;dfwfg x'g] ePsfn] af}l4s ;d'bfo ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] cfwf/ klg jGg]5g\ .

k|fljlws Pj+ ljz]if1o'Qm tof/L jf/]M

cNk ljsl;t jf t]>f] ljZjsf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df /fhgLlts bnx? d'ne"t ?kdf /fhg}lts dfdnfdf dfq} s]lGb|t x'g] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . /fhg}lts dfdnfdf dfq} s]lGb|t x'g] ubf{ k|fljlws Pj+ ljz]if1tfo'Qm If]qdf Vofn gk'Ubf kl/0ffddf xftnfUof] z'Go x'g] cj:yfdf k'Ug] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . To;df klg s|flGtsf/L /fhg}lts bnx? s|flGtsf] k|s[ofjf6 cfPsf] bndf of] k|j[lQ cem} j9L xfjL 5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv ;fd bfd b08 e]b df cEo:t /fhg}lts bnx?;+u} k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kg]{ cj:yfdf o; ljwfdf Vofn gug]{ sf/0fn] ck]lIft kl/0ffd xft gnfu]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;jf6 e]fUg kg]{ kl/0ffd ef]lu;s]sf] cj:yf 5 / 3f6f klg ef]lu;s]sf] cj:yf 5 To;sf/0f cj km]l/ k6s k6s 3f6f Joxf]g]{ sfd bf]xf]/ofpg x'b}g . o; tkm{ klg s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] j]n}df Vofn k'/ofpg] / cfkmgf] e'ldsf vf]Hg] / lgjf{x ug]{ sfd ug{ h?/L 5 .

/0fgLlts k|lt/f]wstf{sf] e"ldsfM

G]fkfnL ;dfh oyfl:ylt / kl/jt{gsf] bf];femdf / 4Gbdf cndlnPsf] 5 . O{ltxf;sf sfnv08df hltj]nf kl/jt{gsf/Lx? Psh'6 eP kl/jt{gn] d't{ ?k lng] / oyfl:yltjfbLx? xfjL /x] k|fKt pknJwLnfO{ klg w/fkdf kfg]{ ul/Psf] 36gfx? X'g] u/]sf5g\ . oyfl:yltjfbLx? xfjL e Peg] pgLx?n] kl/jt{gnfO{ /f]Sg dfq} x}g k|ltudgdf kmsf{pg]x?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg klg ug]{ u/]sf5g\ t;y{ o; vfnsf] l:ylt cfd ?kdf b]vf kg]{ u/]sf] x'gfn] s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?n] ;bf ;j{bf k|ltufld / oyfl:yltjfbLx?sf lj?4 hd]/ k|lt/f]w ug]{ e"ldsf v]Ng tof/ x'g kb{5 . s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx? oyfl:yltjfbL k|ltufldx?sf lj?4 of]hgfj4 9+un] nfUg / k|lt/f]w ug]{ dfgl;stfsf;fy cl3 j9g h?/L 5 .

lgisif{M

cflv/ dfS;{jfb ;dsflng b'lgofsf] ;To bz{gsf] ;f/tTj xf] eg]/ dfS;{jfbsf] u'bL s'/fnfO{ dfGg] xf] eg] ljrf/ dGyg / af}l4s cEof; ljgfsf] bz{g / o;sf] k|of]u z'Godf kl/0ft x'g]5 h;jf6 s'g} kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{} ;lsb}g . To;}n] af}l4s ;d'bfon] ;dfhdf v]Ng ;Sg] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} vfn] e"ldsfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsb}g To;}n] af}l4s cEof; ug'{ jf a'l4hLjL x'g' Pp6f s'/f xf] t/ p;sf] lj4tf jf p;sf] Ifdtf jf af}l4s 1fg s;sf kIfdf vr{ u5{ jf p;sf] af}l4stf s'g ju{sf] ;]jfdf vr{ ub{5 Tof] dxTjsf] ljifo xf] To;}n] sf]xL af}l4s x'gf;fy uj{ ug]{ jf s;}n] a'l4hLjL eGgf;fy gfs v'DRofpg kg]{ jf pgLx? Cj;/jfbL x'G5g jf s|flGtsfnflu e/ kbf]{ zlQm xf]O{gg\ eg]/ lgisif{df k'luxfNg kg]{ h?/L x'b}g p;sf] e"ldsf s|flGtsf kIfdf 5 ls 5}g eg]/ x]g{' g} sfkmL x'g] 5 . a'l4hLjx? cj;/jfbL x'G5g eGg] k/Dk/fut dfGotfjf6 d'Qm x'b} af}l4s jfx]s c?sfnflu t cj;/sf] k|r'/tf klg x'b}g cj;/} gkfPsfx?n] s|flGtsf/L x'g'sf] s'g} cy{ x'b}g j? cj;/ kfP/ klg To;nfO{ nft dfg{ ;Sg] x'g' s|flGtsf/L x'g' xf] To;}n] af}l4sx?sfnflu s|flGtsf/L x'g] cj;/ / ;+efjgf Tolts} 5 cj;/ lj/n} k|fKt x'g] x?n] kfPsf] cj;/ xtklt nft dfg{ ;S5g\ ls ;Sb}g ;xh} kl/If0f x'g klg sl7g x'G5 . to;}n] a'l4hLjLx? Hf] cfkmgf] 1fg Ifdtf / ljj]s plTkl8t ju{ sf kIfdf / s|flGtsf kIfdf ;dk{0f ub{5g\ eg] p;n] lxgtfjf]w ug{ kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g p lgzt{ / cJjn bhf{sf] s|flGtsf/L g} xf] p;sf] s|flGtdf e"ldsf a'l4hLjL ePsf sf/0fn] sld x'b}g j9L g} x'g5 oxL pRr dgf]jfnsf ;fy g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ?kfGt/0fdf af}l4s ;d'bfosf] e"ldsfnfO{ :jLsfg'{ g} oltj]nfsf] ;xL cy{sf] dfS;{jfbL bz{g / ;f]sf] kl/0ffdd'vL k|of]u x'g]5 .  

DOCUMENT FOR 5TH UNITY CONVENTION OF NIPON 28-29 BHADRA 2070

g]kfn /fli6«o k|ultlzn j'l4hLjL ;+u7g, s]lGb«o ;ldltsftkm{ ;+of]hs lvdnfn b]jsf]6f4f/f Pstfsf] kfrf}  /fli6«o ;Dd]ng – @)&) df k|:t't

æk|ltj]bgÆ

cWoIf d08n,;xefuL ;Dk'0f{ k|ltlglw tyf ko{j]Ifs ldqx? .

xfdL g]kfn /fli6|o k|ultlzn a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf] Pstfsf] kfrf} /fli6|o ;Dd]ngsf] ;+3f/df 5f} + . nfdf] ;dob]lv ;Dd]ngsf] ldlt tf]Sb} / :ylut ub}{ cfh xfdL ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ug]{ cj:yfdf cfPsf xf} . kf6L{ Pstf kZrft a'l4hLjL ;+u7gx?sf jLrsf] Pstf ;DkGg u/L sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ cufl8 j9fpg kg]{df c? ;j} hgjlu{o ;+u7gx?sf] Pstf ;DkGg e} /fli6|o ;Dd]ng ;d]t ;DkGg u/L;Sbf klg xfdLn]  To;f] ug{ g;Sbf cfh /fli6|o ;Dd]ngsf] bf}/fgdf klg ljutdf xfdLn] olt u/of} olt ug{ k|oTg u/of} / olt ug{ ;Sof} olt ug{ kfO{gf} eGg] ljifosf] km]xl/:t k|:t't ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf 5f} . a'l4hLjL ;+u7gx?sf jLrsf] Pstf lgs} l9nf] u/L ePsf sf/0fn] ljutsf] nfdf] ;do xfdL Pstfsf] k|of;df g} vr{ u/of} eGg] jfx]s xfd|f ;fd' csf]{ ljsNk /x]g . t} klg Pstfsf] of] kfrf} /fli6|o ;Dd]ng xfdL ub}{5f} / o; P]ltxfl;s Pstfsf] kfrf} /fli6|o ;Dd]ngdf ;+u7gsf] ;+of]hssf x}l;otn] of] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ kfpbf dnfO{ xlif{t t'NofPsf] 5 .

zlxbk|lt >4fGhnL 

;+u7gnfO{ oxf+;Dd NofO{ k'/fpg'x'g] o; ;+u7gsf dxfg zlxbx?k|lt efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{5 . 3fO{t] tyf j]kQf of]4fx?k|lt PSoj4tf k|s6 ub{5 . j]kQf vf]hL tyf ;To lg?k0f tyf d]n ldnfk cfof]u dfkm{t 4Gbsfnsf 36gfx?sf] 5fg ljg u/L ;To kQfnufO{ tYo :yflkt u/L ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] jftf/0f tof/ ug{ tyf j]kQf kfl/Psf gful/sx?sf] l:ylt oyflz3| ;fj{hlgs ug{ hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 .

!    cGt/f{li6«o kl/l:yltM

oltj]nf klg ;fd|fHojfb Pj+ plTkl8t /fi6| / hgtfsf jLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w g} k|d'v cGt/lj/f]wsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . oBlk ;fd|fHojfbn] hg;d'bfonfO{ e|ldt kfg]{ u/L cfkmgf] juL{o lxtnfO{ cIf'0f /fVg jblnPsf] ljZj hgdt cg';f/ gof gof ?k / gf/fsf] k|of]u ub}{ slxn] pbf/jfb slxn] lghLs/0f / slxn] e'd08nLs/0f h:tf gf/fx?sf] ;fxf/f lnPsf] 5 .  

k|d'v cGt/lj/f]w ;f]xL /x] klg ;fd|fHojfbdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / ;dfhdf /x]sf ju{x?df / dfgj hfltsf] ;Eotfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g ;+u} cGt/lj/f]wsf ?k x?df km]/jbn cfpg' clgjfo{ x'G5 . bf]>f] ljzjo'4 kl5 ljz]ift lzto'4sf] cGt kl5 ;fd|fHojfbn] k/Dk/fut ?kdf ljZjsf] lglZrt e'efusf] ljefhg / k'g/ ljefhgsf lglDt rNg] cGt/;fd|fHojfbL k|lt4lGbtf, lghLs/0f, pbfl/s/0f / ljlQo e"d08nLs/0f ;+u} b]lvPsf] ;'rgf ;fd|fHosf] ljZjdf jblnPsf]5 . n]lggsf] ;fd|fHojfb / ;j{xf/f s|fLGtsf] o'u ;DjlGw kl/efiffdf cfwf/e"t cGt/ geP klg n]lgg / dfcf]f4f/f k|ltkflbt cGt/ ;fd|fHojfbL o'4 ;DjlGw ljZn]if0f / /0fgLltdf kl/dfh{g ug{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 .

;fd|fHojfbdf cfPsf] km]/jbnn] @! cf} ztfJbLsf] ;j{xf/fjfbL s|flGtsf/Lx?sf cufl8 s|flGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltx?nfO{ kl/dfh{g ug'{kg]{ r'gf}lt v8f u/]sf] oyfy{nfO{ klg cfTd;ft ug{ kb{5 .

@    /fli6|o kl/l:yltM

!@ j'b] ;dembf/Ljf6 cf/De ePsf] ;+ljwfg;ef / u0ftGqsf] ofqf r'gfj ;DkGg ug]{ / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ xb;Dd ;kmn ePsf] ePtfklg ;+ljwfg;efjf6 hgo'4 hgcfGbf]ng / dw]z cfGbf]ng Pj+ ;j}vfn] kl/jt{gsf cfGbf]ngx?jf6 k|fKt pknJwLnfO{ ;+::yfut ug]{ sfd k'/f ge} cyf{t gof ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff gu/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] cj;fg x'g] 36gfs|dn] hgtfdf lg/fzf / k|fKt pknJwLx? km]l/ u'Dg] kf] x'g ls eGg] lrGtf nfUg' :jefljs xf] . o;} ;Gbe{df k'/ftgjfbL zlQm hf] s}n} kl/jt{gsf kIfdf /x]g, ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ cft+ssf/L Ph]08f g} 7x/fof} ltg} dWosf] Ps lx:;f / hf] ;+ljwfg;efsfnflu jlnbfgL ug]{ dxfg hgo'4sf] ;xefuL jGof] To;} dWosf] Ps lx:;f -j}B ;d'x_ k'/} !@ j'b] ;xdltnfO{ c;kmn kfg{ / ;+ljwfg;efsf] Ph]08fnO{ c;Dej t'Nofpg / k|fKt pknJwLx?nfO{ w/fkdf kfg{ Ps;fy k|oTg u/]sf5g\ . of] ;d]t if8oGqsf] kbf{kmf; ub}{ cfGbf]ngsf pknJwLx?nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ cfkmgf] efUosf km};nf cfkm} ug{ kfpg] hgtfsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t ;+ej t'Nofpg nfUg'sf] csf]{ ljsNk 5}g eGg] lgisif{sf;fy ;+ljwfg;efsf] ljsNk csf]{ ;+ljwfg;ef / cfGbf]ngsf pknJwLx? hgjfbL s|flGtsf dxTjk'0f{ pknJwLx? ;+:yfut ug{ / hgjfbL s|flGtsf jfsL sfo{ef/ k'/f ug{, klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf / ;+3Lotf ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;efjf6 ;+ljwfgnfO{ sfo{g}lts gf/fsf ?kdf u|x0f ub}{ hgtfsf] hLjgdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] / cfwf/ jbNg] pTkfbg / lgdf{0fsfnflu ;+3if{ kf6L{ /0fgLltsf] csf]{ cfofdsf ?kdf sfo{s|dLs ?kdf cufl8 j9fpg] oltjnfsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df jf}l4s ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf ;'lglzrt ug{ h?/L 5 .

#    g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/qdf cfPsf] jbnfj

cfhsf] g]kfn cfly{s /fhg}lts b[li6n] ;fdGtL cjz]if ;lxtsf] bnfn gf]s/zfxL k'hLjfbL / hgtfsf] hgjfbL zlQmsf jLrdf ;Qfsf] l5gfemK6L rln/x]sf] k'hLjfbf]Gd'v tyf gj pklgj]zjfbL zlQm / /fli6|o zlQmsf jLrdf rsf]{ ;+3if{ ;lxt :jflwgtf tkm{ pGd'v ;+s|d0fsflng P]ltxfl;s k|s[ofsf jLrjf6 cufl8 jl9/x]sf] 5 . clxn] klg b]z lxhf]s} h:tf] cw{;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs cj:yfdf g} 5 eGg] s'/f pko'{Qm j:t'ut / o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{gnfO{ gb]Vg] / gj'emg] oflGqs / dgf]ut ;f]rfO{ dfq x'g]5 . jblnPsf] ;dfhsf] rl/q cg';f/ s|flGtsf sfo{gLlt / /0fgLltdf kl/jt{g ug{ g;Sg]x? uf]nrSs/df km:5g\ / l;l4G5g\ t;y{ oltj]nfsf] jblnPsf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] c? rl/qx? s] s] x'g o;sf k|efjx? S:tf slt / sltxb;Dd k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] :t/sf x'g]5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg jx; / cWoog Pj+ cg';Gwfg u/L gof tYodf k'Ug h?/L ePsf] 5 .

#    ;+u7gsf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;

k+rfots} sfn/fqLdf klg s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?sf] j]Un} ;+u7gsf] cfjZostfnfO{ dxz'z u/L 8f afa'/fd e66/fO{s} g]t[Tjdf g]kfn /fli6|o a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf u/L ljleGg af}l4s ultljlwx? ;+rfng u/]sf] xfdL kfp5f} eg] @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft\ k+rfotL lg/s'z zf;gsf] ktg / jx'bnLo zf;g Joj:yfsf] pbo eP tfklg ;f] cfGbf]ng klg ;+emf}tfdf 6'+luPsf] cj:yf ;f]xL j/k/ ;j} jfdkGyLx?sf] ;fefmf af}l4s ;+u7gsf ?kdf a'l4hLjL kl/ifb u7g u/L cl3 j9fpg k|oTg ePsf] eP tfklg Toltj]nfsf] cfGbf]ngsf] dd{ / efjgfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ s|flGtsf/Lx?sflglDt 5'6} s|flGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] l;h{gf ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt cfO{ k/]sf] P}ltxfl;s cfjZostfnfO{ jf]w ub}{ @)$* df k'g 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf g]kfn /fli6«o a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . tTkZrft\ lbk]Gb| axfb'/ If]qL, ;'/]z cfn]du/, /d]z zdf{, k|tfk jGt, sf]dn j/fn / @)^# ;fndf ;DkGg /fli6|o ;Dd]ngn] lvdnfn b]jsf]6fnfO{ cWoIfdf lgjf{lrt u/L ;+u7gn] cfkmgf ultljlwx? cufl8 j9fPsf] lyof] . kf6L{ km'6sf sf/0fn] a'l4hLjL ;+u7gdf klg ljefhg cfpg' :jefljs lyof] cfO{ 5f8of] . o; kZrft Pstf s]Gb|df cfPsf] ljefhg h:t} hgo'4df hfg] / ghfg] kf6L{nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ g]kfn /fli6|o a'l4hLjL ;+u7g / k|ultlzn a'l4hLjL ;+u7g b'O{ 5'66f 5'66} a'l4hLjL ;+u7gx? S[oflzn /x] .

bz jif]{ hgo'4 zflGt ;+emf}tfsf] dfWodjf6 zflGt k|s[ofdf k|j]z u/] klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;dkGg eP kl5 / ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq 3f]if0ff eP kl5 km]l/ ljutdf km'6]sf kf6L{x?sf] Plss/0fsf] k|s[of cf/De eof] / lg/Gt/ hf/L /x]sf] Plss/0fsf] o]f k|s[ofdf ldlt @)&).@.!^ ut]sf lbg lvdnfn b]jsf]6fsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] g]kfn /fli6|o a'l4hLjL ;+u7g / kB v8sfsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] k|ultlzn a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf] ;+o'Qm j}7s j;L Pstf k|s[of ;DkGg e} g]kfn /fli6|o k|ultlzn a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf ?kdf oltj]nf xfdL ;+ul7t / s[oflzn 5f}+ .

$    cGo ;+u7gx? jf/] M

olta]nf xfdL afx]s g]kfnL af}l4s hutdf k|ltufdL, oyfl:ytLjfbL / ;'wf/jfbL lsQfsf cGo a'l4hLjL ;+u7gx? klg cl:tTjdf 5g\ . jfdkGyL gfd u/]sf kf6L{x? cfj4 a'l4hLjL ;+u7gx?nfO{ Ps >]0fLdf u}/ jfd bn cfj4 ;+u7gx?nfO{ csf]{ >]0fLdf / k|ltufdL k'g/pTyfgjfbL cfj4 ;+u7gx?nfO{ csf]{ >]0fLdf /fVg ;lsG5 . To;}n] oltj]nf oyfl:yltjfbL / 9'nd'n rl/q jf]s]sf bn / tL cfj4 ;+u7gx?nfO{ ltgsf unt sfd sf/jfxL ljrf/ / b[li6sf]0fsf] e08fkmkf]/ ub}{ kl/jt{gsf kIfdf Nofpg k|oTg ug]{ / olx lsQfdf leqofpg] k|oTg ug]{ / k|ltufdL bn cfj4 ;+u7gn] lng] ;f]r / b[li6sf]0fsf] e08fkmf]/ ub}{ pgLx?sf lj?4 ;+3if{ ug]{ gLlt g} oltj]nfsf] ;+s|d0fsflng 38Lsf] Jojxfl/s gLlt x'g]5 .

%=   ljut b]lv jt{dfg ;Dd

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfd'n kl/jt{gsf kIfdf nfdj4 ePsf cfd s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?sf] k|ltlglwd'ns ;+u7g x'g'sf gftfn] dxfg hgo'4 ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ;d]tdf cfkmgf lhDd]jf/Lx? G]kfnL jf}l4s ;d'bfon] lgjf{x u/]/} cfPsf] tYo ;fj{hlgs g} 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/qdf jbnfj cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL /fhgLlts j[Qdf cfPsf] cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g ljz]if pNn]vgLo 5 . cw{ ;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs g]kfnL ;dfh ;fdGtjfbsf] gfO{s] /fhtGq 9ln;s]sf] u0ftGq 3f]if0ff e};]ssf] cj:yfdf ;fdGtjfbsf cjz]ifx? jfsL /xg' jfx]s cj g]kfn ljut ;f7L jif{b]lv eGb} cfP h:tf] cw{ ;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs cj:yfsf] 5}g . o;} u/L ;fv u/L ;'uf}nL ;lGw kZrft cw{ cf}klgj]lzs cj:yfdf /x]sf] g]kfnL ;dfh ;fd|fHojfbsf] rl/qdf cfPsf] km]/jbn e"d08nLs/0f, lj1fg / k|ljwldf ePsf] ce't k'j{ ljsf; vf; u/L ;'rgf k|ljlwdf cfPsf] s|flGtsf sf/0fn] g]kfn klg k'lhjfbL ljZjdf k|j]z ub}{ u/]sf] / ;fd|fHojfbsf] cf}klgj]lzs rl/qdf ;d]t cfPsf] jbnfjsf sf/0f g]kfn cj cw{ cf}klgj]lzs x}g gj cf}klgj]lzs cj:yfdf kl/0ft x'g k'u]sf] 5 . hj g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q jblnG5 s|flGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltdf klg kl/jt{g cfpg] ub{5 . /fhtGqsf] cGt / u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf, lxGb' clw/fHosf ;66fdf wd{ lg/k]Iftf, PsfTds zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;66fdf ;+3Lotf clg c;dfj]zL zf;gk|0ffnLsf 7fpdf ;fdfj]zL ;dfg'kflts Pj+ ;xeflutfd'ns nf]stGq cfhsf] /fhgLlt jg]sf] 5 . o;n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf ;j} If]qdf cfwf/e"t ?kdf g} km]/jbn NofO{lbPsf] 5 eg] jblnPsf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q cg's'n g]kfnL ;dfhsf cGt/lj/f]wx? Klg jblnPsf5g\ eg] g]kfnL s|flGtsf] /0fgLlt / sfo{gLtdf km]/jbn Nofpg klg h?/L ePsf] 5 . dfS;{jfbnfO{ wd{zf:qsf ?kdf ;dftL/fVg]x?sfnflu eGg' s]xL 5}g t/ 7f]; kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; ljZn]if0f g} dfS;{jfb xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug]{ dfS;{jfbLx?sfnflu eg] dfS;{jfb cg's'n s|flGtsf /f0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt df ljsf; ug{sfnflu of] cj;/ xf] . To;}n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] jblnPsf] rl/q cg';f/ pkl/;+/rgfdf k|fKt pknJwLx?nfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ / o;nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ cj cfwf/ jbNg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg k5{ . cfwf/ jbNg] eg]sf] pTkfb ;DjGw / pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf jbnfj Nofpg] s'/f xf] . To;}n] cfly{s s|flGt pTkfbg / lgdf{0fsfnflu ;+3if{ cfhsf] j:t'jfbL sfo{lbzf jg]sf] 5 .

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cGt/lj/f]wx?sf] of] cj:yfdf / g]kfnL ;j{xf/f ju{sf] cu|b:tf Plss[t g]skf-dfcf]jfbL_n] s|flGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltdf kl/jt{g / ljsf; ul/;s]sf] ;Dbe{df s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?sf] k|ltlglw ;+u7g x'gfsf gftfn] tbg's'n g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljZn]if0f / g]kfnL ;fdfhsf cGt/lj/f]wx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ / ltgnfO{ xn ug]{ s|flGtsf] sfo{lbzf ljsf; ug]{ tkm{ sfo{of]hgf jgfpg h?/L ePsf] 5 .

%=!  j}rfl/s kIfM

      Hfgo'4sfndf cem d'Vot g]kfnL hgo'4 /0fg}lts k|Tos|d0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df a'l4hLjLx?sf] bfloTj, /fli6«o,cGt/f{li6«o kl/l:ylt / ljrf/ ;+Zn]if0fdf af}l4s ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf nufotsf ljifodf dxTjk"0f{ ljrf/ ;+k|]if0ff ug{ h?/L lyof] olx tYonfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} e"ldut cj:yfdf ;d]t vf;u/L cfwf/ O{nfsfsf ufp j:tL / zx/x?df ;d]tæ/0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0f / a'l4hLjLsf] bfloTjÆ ljifos ljrf/ uf]i7L ;DkGg ul/P eg] !( lbg] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft o'4lj/fd eP otf æ/fHosf] k"g/;/rgf / u0ftfGqLs df]rf{ lgdf{0fdf a'l4hLjLsf] e"ldsfÆljifos ljrf/ uf]i7L sf7df08f}df  ;DDkGg ePsf] lyof] .  æ;fj{ef}d ;Qfsf] k|of]u / af}l4s ;d'bfoÆ nufotsf ljifodf s]lGb|t u/L b]z}e/Lsf zfvfx?df / zx/x?df Ps} ;dodf uf]i7L ;DkGg ePsf lyP . t/ nfdf] ;dosf] ;+u7gfTds csd{0otfsf sf/0fn] o; cjlwdf pNn]vgLo sfd eg] ug{ ;lsPg t/ klg ljutsf] l/QmtfnfO{ Ifltk'lt{ ;lxt k'/f ug]{ sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ h?/L 5 .   

%=@ ;+u7gfTds kIf M–

      tTsflng cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sfnflu zx/ s]lGb|t ;+u7g xfn;Dd cfO{ k'Ubf b]zJoflk jg]sf] 5 . ;3{ifsf] ;fk]Iftf / ljrf/ ljsf;sf] ultdf a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf] e"ldsf klg ;zQm aGb} hfg' :jefljs lyof] . xfn ;+u7g b]zJoflk jg]sf] 5 / ;j} lhNnf / zx/x?df ;+u7gsf ultljlwx? ;+rfngdf cfPsf lyP .

t/ b'ef{Uojz g} egf} kf6L{ Pstfn] nfdf] r/0f / ;do kf/ ul/;s]/ klg k6s k6ssf lj:tfl/t j}7sx? ;DkGg e};s] kl5 klg a'l4hLjL ;+u7gdf Pstf x'g ;s]g s}og k|oTgx? Klg c;kmn eP . kf6L{sf] Pstfsf] ;ftf} dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eP kZrft klg jNn rf/ dlxgf kl5  ;+u7gdf cf}krfl/s ?kdf Plss/0f ePsf] 5 / o;n] cfkmgf ultljlwx? Cufl8 j9fPsf] 5 . l9n} eP klg ;+u7g Plss/0f ug]{ sfd ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . Plss/0fsf cefjdf nueu rf/ jif{ vf;u/L s]Gb| lgis[o g} /xof] eg] kmf66 km'66 lhNnfdf ;+u7gsf ultljlwx? eg] s'g} g s'g} ?kdf e} g} /x] . of] oyfy{ ;fj{hlgs ug{\} k5{ o; sf/0f ls ;+u7gfTds ?kdf Pstf xfl;n gubf{ kl/0ffd xft kfg{ ;lsGg eGg] /fd|f] lzIff klg xfl;n ePsf] 5 . ;+u7gdf Pstf xfl;n eP kl5 lhNnf lhNnfdf dfq} x}g ;j} af}l4s ;d'bfodf pT;fxsf] nx/ 5fPsf] 5 b]zJoflk ?kdf lhNnf ;+Dd]ngx? Cfof]hgf x'g] s|d hf/L 5 . h] xf]; s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?df gof cfzfsf] ls/0f b]vf k/]sf] 5 . b]z Joflk ?kdf lhNnf ;Dd]ng ;DkGGg u/]/ /fli6|o ;Dd]ng ;Dkgg ul/;Sbf ;+u7gn] o;sf ;b:ox?n] / g]kfnL af}l4s ;dfhn] ;d]t sfr'nL km]g{] lglZrt 5 .

;+u7gsf] :j?k tTsflng ;dosf] cfGbf]ngsf] cfjZostfn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o'4sf jvt o'4sflng ;+/rgf h?/L kb{Yof] To:t} ;+u7g jGof] zflGtsfndf ;+u7gsf] :j?k klg leGg x'g] g} eof] tbg'?k o;sf] :j?kdf kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L 5 . 7Ls To;} u/L g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q jblnPsf] 5 tbg'?k s|flGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt d} jbnfj cfpg h?/L 7flgof] eg] ;f]xL cg'?k ;+u7gsf] dfu ug'{ :jefljs g} 5 To;}n] a'l4hLjL ;+u7g klg cfkmgf] ;+/rgfjbNg h?/L 7fGb5 . ;do jblnPsf] 5 ;dfhsf rl/q jblnPsf5g tbg'?k ;+u7g / ltgsf sfo{z}nL jbNg ;lsPg eg] tL ;+u7gx? sfdofjL x'g ;Sb}gg . km]l/Psf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q cg';f/ ;+u7gsf] :j?k km]g{ tof/ x'g kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;sfnflu ;+u7gsf] :j?knfO{ dxf;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf jbNg] / af}l4s ;+u7gnfO{ c? hgjuL{o ;+u7g h:t} lg/Gt/tfdf n}hfg eGbf o;sf] ljifo ljz]if1tfsf] If]qnfO{ klxrfg u/L o;sf] dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf] ;+/rgf tof/ ug{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .

%#= k|sfzgM

;+u7gsf] d'vkqsf ?kdf k|fl1s lemNsf] :dfl/sfsf ?kdf k|sfzg ug]{ tof/L ePsf] t o;sfnflu pTkfbg / lgdf{0fsfnflu ;+3if{ kf6L{ /0fgLltsf] csf]{ cfofd ljz]iff+ssf ?kdf cfpg]5 . hgo'4sf bz aif{ k':ts ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L ;'lrsf ?kdf k|sfzg e} dxflwj]zgsf] s]xL cl3 dfq} o;nfO{ ljdf]rg ug]{ sfd ePsf] 5 o; vfnsf] dxTjk'0f{ ;+sng klg sfo{nodf pknJw 5 .

%$ wSsf d"ns sfo{qmdx?M–

}lgz{t ;+ljwfg ;ef / gful/s clwsf/ }, };+ljwfg ;efdf af}l4s ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf }, }u0ftGq g]kfnsf] lgdf{0fdf /fhg}lts bnx?sf] e"ldsf }, }u0ftflGqs df]rf{ :yfkgf ug]{ lbzfdf af}l4s ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf , ;+ljwfg;ef nIo / r'gf}tL, ;+ljwfg ;ef, ;Defjgf / r"gf}tL,  nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ;Defjgf / r'gf}tL, /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;+/rgfsf d"ne"t cGt/j:t'x? cflb ljifodf b]z el/sf zx/L If]qx?df ljrf/uf]i7Lsf ?kdf ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ ;+u7gfTds csd{0otfsf sf/0fn] of] cjlwdf eg] pNn]vgLo sfd ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ev{/} dfq ;+u7gdf Plss/0f ePsf] 5 cfufld lbgdf ljutsf] IfltnfO{ ;d]t k'lt{ ug]{ u/L sfo{s|d ;+rfng ug]{ of]hgf 5 .

%=%  cfly{s kIfM–

k|f/Deb]lv # jif{sf nflu ?= @)).– lnO{ ;b:otf pknAw u/fpg] afx]s ;+u7gsf] cGo cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf gePsfn] ;+u7gn] k/ lge{/ x'g'kg]{ l:ylt lyof] . xfn cfP/ ;+u7gn] ;b:otf /l;b ljt/0fdf Jofkstf NofPsf] a'l4hLjLx? ;+ul7t aGg] qmd lta| ag]sf] af6 ;+u7gsf] cfly{sl:ylt dha't aGg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5. oBkL ;j} If]qx?af6 /sd cfpg l9nf ePsfn] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngnfO{ eAotf lbg sl7gfO{ dx;"; ePsf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5' . s]lGb|o ;b:ox?sf] dfl;s n]jL /sd cl3Nnf] Pstfsf] j}7sdf cfP jfx]s cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . s]lGb|o sfof{nosf] dfl;s ef8f @%,))). a'l4hLjL kf6L{ lhNnf dfkm{t e'Qmfg ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] lx;fj ldnfg klg ;+u7gsf] cfo cfh{g ;+u} ug{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . oyflz3| o;sf] lgsf; vf]Hg h?/L ePsf] 5 .

^=    ;+u7gsf] cfufdL sfo{of]hgf

g]kfnL s|flGtn] gof r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/qdf cfwf/e't ?kdf g} jbnfj cfPsf] 5 . jblnPsf] rl/q cg';f/ g]kfnL s|flGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo[gLltx?sf] ljsf; ug{ h?/L 5 . o:tf] kl/j]zdf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/qdf cfPsf km]/jbnx? S] x'g o;sf] c;/ / k|efj s] ;Dd kg{ ;S5 ;f]sf] cfsng ug]{ / To;jf6 l;h{gf x'g] cj;/ / r'gf}lt b'j}sf] ;fdgf ug{ s|flGtsf/Lx?n] s] pkofsf] cjnDjg ug{ h?/L 5 eGg] nufotsf y'k|} ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . cfwf/e"t ?kdf ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ s]xL klg ePsf] 5}g eGg] / dxfg hgo'4 / ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf P]ltxfl;s s[ltdfgx?sf] cjd'Nog ug]{ nufotsf xs{tx?nfO{ s;/L k|ltjfb ug]{ / ltgn] l;h{gf u/]sf e|dx?nfO{ s;/L :ki6 kfg]{ eGg] r'gf}lt klg oltj]nfsf] d'Vo r'gf}lt xf] .

klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+l3otf ;+3Lotf ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg ;ef jf6} ;+ljwfg eGg] gf/fsf ;fy hgtfdf hfg] / Plss[t dfcf]jfblnfO{ cf+l;s x}g :ki6 jx'dt eGg] gf/f / sfo{of]hgfnfO{ cfd af}l4s hg;d'bfo / cfd af}l4s ;d'bfo dfkm{t hgtfsf 3/ b}nf]df / hgtfsf dg dl:tsdf ;d]t k'/ofpg] sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ gof ;+ljwfg lbb} gof g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] cleofgdf af}l4s hdftsf] lx:;f k'li6 ug{ h?/L ePsf] 5 Psflt/ eg] kl/jt{gsf lj/f]wLx?n] lxhf] ;+ljwfg;ef rfx]sf lyPgg\ cfh klg rfx]sf 5}gg / ef]ln klg rfxg]5}gg t;y{ o; vfn] k|j[lQsf lj?4 lgd{ddtfk'j{s ;+3if{ ug]{ , g]kfnL hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g g;s] ;Dd cyf{t cfly{s ljsf; geP;dd /fhg}lts pknJwLx? Hf]ugp ;lsb}g eGg] tYonfO{ cfTd;f tub}{ efjL of]hgfx? to ug{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .

^=!  a}rfl/s sfo{

csf]{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ;/sf/ lgdf{0f ug{ k'0f{ jx'dt, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsfnflu Ph]08f ldNg]x?nfO{ b'O{ ltxfO{ jx'dt ;'lglZrt ug{ cfd hgtfnfO{ g} k|lzlIft tyf cfGbf]lnt ug]{ vfnsf sfo{s|d cfof]hgf ug]{ oltj]nfsf] tfTsflng / dxTjk'0f{ Psdfq sfo{ef/ x'g]5 . of] nIf xfl;n ug{ af}l4s cleofg ;+rfng ug]{, lj/f]wLn] l;h{gf u/]sf e|dx?nfO{ lrb}{ hgtfdf ;xL ;'rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ nufotsf :yfg ljz]if / :yfg ;fk]If sfo{s|d 5gf]6 u/L ;+rfng ug]{ / ;+ljwg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ;jf{lws ljho xfl;n ug]{ g} oltj]nfsf] k|d'v sfd xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm af}l4s ;+u7g x'gfsf gtfn] lgDg sfo{x? ;d]t ub}{ n}hfg kg]{ 5 .

s_    gofF /fhg}lts r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ ljrf/wf/fTds ljsf; / ;+Zn]if0f ug{ ;3fpg] vfnsf /fhg}lts j}rfl/s k|lzIf0f, ljrf/ uf]i7L 5nkmn cGt/ls|of sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ .  /fli6«o, cGt/fli6«o a'l4hLjLx?nfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ?kfGt/0f / g]kfnL s|flGtsf] df]8]nsf jf/]df k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ / ;f] ;DjGwL tYok/s cg';Gwfg sfo{ ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ .

v_    /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{/rgf , klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf ;DaGwL Jofks af}l4s cleofg ;+rfng ug]{ .

u_    cGt/fli6«o:t/df ljrf/ uf]li7 / sfo{zfnfx?sf] cfof]hgf ub}{ g]kfnL s|flGtsf jfsL sfo{ef/ k'/f ug{ pTkfbg / lgdf{0fsf] sfo{of]hgf ;kmn kfb}{ cfTd lge{/ cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ub}{ d08n] /fi6|jfbsf] e|djf6 g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ d'Qm kfb}{ :jflwg /fi6| lgdf{0fsf] cleofgdf j}b]lzs x:tIf]ksf] lj/f]w k|ltjfb e08fkmf]/ Pj+ ljljw vfn] cfGbf]ngdf PSoj4tf h'6fpg] vfnsf sfo{s|dsf] cfof]hgf ug]{  .

3_    ;j}eGbf dxTjk'0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] s|flGtsf/L cfGbf]ngn] af}l4s If]qsf] dxTjnfO{ cfTd;f tug{ g;sSg] af}l4 If]qn] s|flGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] dd{nfO{ ks8g g;Sg] k|sf/fGt/n] Ps csf{sf lj/f]wL h:tf] cj:yfdf pleg] / pEofpg] hf] k|oTg x'g] u/]sf] 5 of] tYonfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ s|flGtsf/L cfGbf]ng / af}l4s ;d'bfosf jLrdf Ps csf{ jLrsf c;dembf/Lx?nfO{ x6fpb} Ps csf{sf kl/k'/s jgfpg] tkm{ d]xgt ug]{ j]nf cfPsf] 5 .

^=@ ;f+u7lgs sfo{M

cfGbf]ngsf] ult ;d"xsf] :j?k tyf sfdsf] rfk adf]lhd ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgfdf km]/abn ug'{ cTofjZos x'G5 . ;+u7gsf] :j?k / sfdsf] lhDdf d'tfljs  ;+/rgfdf x]/km]/ ub}{ ;b:otf Jofks ?kdf lj:tf/ ug]{ ,k]zfut ljz]if1tfsf] klxrfg ub}{ ;+ul7t ug]{ / kl/rfng ug]{ ,csf]{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf oy]i7 dt k|fKt ug]{ s'/fnfO{ nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ / k|fKt pknJwLx?nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{{ vfnsf ;f+u7lgs ultljlw ul/g] 5 . o;sfnflu k|Tos af}l4s s]Gb|x?df ;+u7gsf] ;Dd]ng e]nf ljrf/ uf]i7L cfof]hgf ug]{, lgjf{rgsfnflu hgpkof]uL ;fdfu|L pTkfbg / ljt/0f ug]{, lgjf{rg ;'xfpbf] ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug]{ / kl/rfng ug]{ .

^=#=  ;+3if{

      af}l4s zf]if0fsf lj?4 af}l4s ;Ddfgsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ Pj+ d'n'ssf] /fli6|o :jflwgtf, hgtfsf] nf]stGq / hglhjLsfsf ;DjlGw ljljw ljrf/ uf]i7L , cGt/lqm{of / ax;åf/f hgtfnfO{ cfGbf]lnt jgfpb} cfufld lgjf{rgdf Plss[t g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf kIfdf dfxf]n l;h{gf ug{ ;3fp k'/ofpg] vfnsf ljljw sfo{s|dx? ;+rfng ug]{ Pdfcf]jfbLsf kIfdf dfxf}n l;h{gf e} lgjf{rg g} gu/fpg] jf Pdfcf]jfbLnfO{ jbgfd ug]{ vfnsf o'4sfnsf d'2fx?sf] lgx' lems]/ r'gfj ef8g] if8oGq ePdf To;sf lj?4 cfGbf]ng / ;+3if{sf sfo{s|ds]f ;+of]hg ug]{ To; lj?4 hgdt tof/ ug]{ . ljZje/ ePsf ;j} juL{o Pj+ /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngdf ;dy{g / ;xof]u ug]{ ;3if{sf] efjL of]hgf x'g]5 .

^=$  k|sfzg

j}rf/Ls ;+3if{sf nflu hgdt l;h{gf ug{, ;+u7gsf sfd sfjf{xLsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ / ;:n]lift ljrf/x?sf] k|jfx ug{ k|sfzgsf] cToGt 7"nf] dxTj x'G5 . k|sfzg ;+u7gn] u/]sf sfdx? / 36gfx?sf] clen]v klg x'g\ . ctM cfufdL lbgdf k|sfzgsf] sfo{nfO{ Plss[t, of]hgfa4 / Jojl:yt ?kn] cuf8L a9fpg k|fl1s lemNsf] nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} ;s];Dd dfl;s k|sfzgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg / ljljw cGo pkof]uL k|sfzg ug]{  nIf /flvPsf] 5 .

&=   efjL r'gf}tL / ;Defjgfx?M

            dfcf]n] eGg'ePsf] 5 æoyfy{nfO{ ga'‰g]x?n] k9]sf] Joy{ 5 . Æ o;}n] dfS;{jfbL lrGtgsf lj?4 ;fd|fHojfbL slyt a'l4hLjLx?n] pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL lrGtg wf/fnfO{ eP gePsf] ann] p5fn]/ juL{o d'QmL cfGbf]ngaf6 cfd a'l4hLjLx?sf] Wofg cGoq df]8\g nflu/x]sf ljljw vfn] if8oGqsf] e08fkmf]/ ug{ h?/L 5 .

&=! csf]{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgM zflGt cu|udg / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf lj?4df ls|oflzn cfGtl/s tyf jfxo vf; u/L ;fd|fHojfbL if8oGQx?sf] e08fkmf]/ ub}{ csf]{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfj lgjf{w ?kdf lgwf{l/t ldltdf ;dkGg ug{ / ;f] lgjf{rgdf Pdfcf]jfbLsf kIfdf ;/sf/ jgfpg k'Ug] jx'dt / ;+ljwfg jgfpg k'Ug] Ph]08f ldNg]x?nfO{ b'O{ ltxfO{ dt k|fKt ug}{ kg] cfhsf] r'gf}lt xf] . o:tf] r'gf}lt v8f ePsf] ;Gbe{df jf]L4s ;d'bfosf] ;/f]sf/ ct'nlgo /xG5 of] r'g}fltsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;s] dfq} gofF g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] ;+efjgfnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ ;lsg]5 .

&=@ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd'ns ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;+:yfut ug]{ s'/f oltj]nfsf] ;jf{lws dxTjsf] ljifo xf] . cfh ;Ddsf s|flGtn] :yflkt u/]sf / k|fKt pknJwLx? H;nfO{ hgjfbL s|flGtsf pknJwLsf ?kdf g} lng ;lsG5 ltgsf] /If fug]{ s'/f / ltgsf ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{ s'/f oltj]nfsf] d’zVo r'gf}lt xf] tL r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug{ lgjf{rgs} bf}/fgdf cfd dtbftfx?nfO{ ;r]t kf/]/ / k'/} cfGbf]lnt kf/]/ dfq } of] r'gf}ltsf] ;dfgf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf ;+u7g ljZj:t 5 .

&=#  klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf / ;+3Lotf ;lxtsf] /fHosf] k'g;{/rgfMclxn] g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfx?sf] cu| udgsf] afws oyfl:yltjfbL / k|ltufdL ;f]r lrGtg / k|j[lQ g} xf] . To;nfO{ ;dfKt gkf/];Dd g]kfnL hgtfsf s'g} klg ;d:ofx? xn x'g] jfnf 5}g . u0ftGq ;+3Lotf wd{lg/k]Iftf / ;dfj]lztf h:tf dxTjk'0f{ pknJwLx?nfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ g]kfnsf cflbjf;L hghfltx?, blntx?, dWf];Lx?, dlxnfx? , d'lZnd / pk]lIft If]qx?sf] ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg gu/L cfTdf lg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;lxt ;+l3o k|0ffnL4f/f ;a}nfO{ ;Qfsf] cEof; u/fpFb} /fHo ;+rfngdf ;xefuL u/fpg ;s] dfq af:tjLs gofF g]kfn agfpg ;lsg] ePsf] x'+bf g]kfnsf] cfd"n kl/jft{gsf/L af}l4s ;d'bfo To; lbzf tkm{ k"0f{ cfTd ljZjf;sf ;fy pGd"v x'g' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

&=$ k|lt qmflGts]f vt/fsf lj?4 lg/Gt/ s|flGt M

      ljutdf ;dfhjfbL qmflGt ;DkGg ePsf d'n'sx? Klg k|lts|flGTsf] lzsf/ ePsf pbfx/0fx? K|z:t} 5g\ ltgjf6 lzIff lnb} g]kfnL ;dfhdf g]kfnL df]8]nsf] s|flGt ug]{ lbzfdf cl3 j9g / To;vfnsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ clef/f xfd|f] sfwdf klg cfPsf] 5 .

. To;}n] af}l4s ;d'bfo olta]nf h;/L ;Dk'0f{ /fHo s|flGtsf/Lx?n] lhDdf lng] cj;/ glhs} b]lvb}5 To;jf6 xfdL hlt pT;fxLt 5f} Tolt g} lrGtf ;Qf k|fKtL kl5 x'g] ;DefjLt k|ltqmflGtaf6 ;r]t aGg' kg]{ / agfpg kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . To:f}n] lg/Gt/ s|flGtsf] dfWod4f/f k|lts|flGtnfO{ /f]Sg] ;+oGqsf ?kdf of] ;+u7g pleg h?/L 5 . s|lGtleq csf]{ s|flGt 5]8]/dfq k|lts|flGtnfO{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;+u7g tbg's"nsf] of]hgf lgdf{0fdf h'6g h?/L 5 .

&=%   ;+u7gnfO{ k/Dk/f wfGg] ;fwgsf ?kdf jrfO{/fVg'sf] vf; cy{ x'b}g . ;+u7g sfdsfhL x'g h?/L 5 . o;sfnflu o; ;+u7gnfO{ af}l4s s]Gb|x?df s]lGb|t jgfpg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg h?/L 5 eg] dxf;+3Lo :j?kdf n}hfg] k|s[ofsf] yfngLsf ?kdf ef}uf]lns k|ltlglwTj, ljz]if1tfsf] k|ltlglwTj / k]zfut k|ltlglwTj ug]{ :j?kdf jbNg] s'/f ljz]if dxTjsf] /xg]5 . o;}u/L ljifout lj1tfsf cfwf/df lhDd]jf/L jf8kmf8 ug]{ / tbg's'nsf] cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] yfngL ug]{ oltj]nfsf] vfrf] xf] .

*=   pk;+xf/M

      æcfˆgf] :jfy{df 7Ss/ nfUg vf]Hbf dflg;n] a? /]vf ul0ftsf] k|d]ox?nfO{ r'gf}tL lbG5 t/ xtkt cfˆgf] :jfy{ 5f]8b}gÆ . eGg] sfn{ dfS;{sf] Pp6f 3tnfUbf] cleJolQm cfh g]kfnL wtL{df b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . zf]ifs ju{ cfˆgf] n'6sf] :ju{ hf]ufpg ;+;f/nfO{ u'xf/]/ Gjf/fg b]lvsf] an nufP/|lts[ofjfbLx?sf k|lts|flTsf/L xs{tx?nfO{ k/f:t ug{ of]hgfj4 9+un] nfUof} eg] s'g} klg efjL r'gf}tLnfO dxfg\ ;Defjgfdf abNg ;lsg] l:ylt 5 .

      b]z / hgtfsf] d'lQmsf vflt/ ;+3if{ ubf{ xfdLn] w]/} u'dfPsf 5f}+, xhf/f}+ cfkmGt lk|ohgx? u'dfPsf 5f}+, cËx? u'dfP/ c+ue+u ePsf 5f}+ To;}n] o;k6s bl/nf d'7L p7fP/ o;} P]ltxfl;s kfrf} /fli6«o ;Dd]ngaf6 g]kfnL hgtfsf] clGtd lahosf] lglDt Pstfj4 e} g]kfnL hgtfsf] dg lhTg] cleofgdf xfdkmfNg] k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/f}+ . xfd|f ;fd' v8f ePsf r'gf}ltx?nfO{ cj;/df jbnf}+ .

klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lotf ;+3Lotf ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg

g]kfn /fli6|o k|ultlzn a'l4hLjL ;+u7gsf] cleofg .

jL/ zxLb – nfn ;nfd Û   lj/ j]kQf of]4fx? nfn;nfd         

NOTE ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BY YB THAPA

u|fld0f ;d'bfodf cfly{s j[l4 / ;fdflhs k'g/lgdf{0fsf ljBdfg k|j[lQ / ;+efjgf jf/]M Ps l6kf]6

-       8f= jfO{ jL= yfkf

-1-

;dfhsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ cu:t sf]d6]n] tLg r/0f / sfn{dfS;{n] kf+r r/0fdf ljefhg u/] klg pQ/-cfw'lgs o"udf cfO{k'Ubf cw{-;fdGtL ;dfhnfO{ l;w} k'FlhjfbL ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ ;+efjgfx? j9]sf 5g\ h:tf] ls P=g]skf-dfcf]jfbLsf] x]6f}8f  dxflwj]zg . k|:t't n]vsf ljifoj:t'x? u|fdL0f ;dfhdf cfly{s pTkfbsTj / ;fdflhs ljt/0f b'j}nfO{ k|ultlzn jgfpg ljBdfg cj;/x?sf] k|of]u s;/L ug]{ / ;+ljwfg ;ef lgj{frg - @ Pj+ :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] lgjf{rg @)&) r}qdf j'l4lhljx? cfd hgtf;+u s;/L Psfsf/ x'g;S5g\ eGg] Wo]odf cfwfl/t 5 .

-2-

;dfh ?kfGt/0fsf] d'Vo ;+jfxs zlQm dfgj >d tyf To;n] k|of]u ug]{ k'FhL / k|ljlwx? x'g\ . /fli6«o hg;+Vof Pj+ cfjf; u0fgf - @)^* / g]kfn >d ;j]{If0f - @)^% n] /f]huf/df /x]sf] >dsf] ljleGg pBf]ux? / u|fdL0f Pj+ ;x/L j:tL cg';f/sf] ljj/0fx? pknJw u/fpmFb5g\ . g]kfn >d ;j]{If0f @)^% cg';f/ b]zdf s"n Ps s/f]8 &* nfv dflg; /f]huf/ lyP . o; dWo] u|fdL0f j:tLdf Ps s/f]8 b'O{ nfv -*&%_ / ;x/L j:tLdf !% nfv -!#%_ dflg; kb{5g\  -x]g'{xf]; lrq g+= !_ .

lrq g+= !M pBf]u / j;f]jf; cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf ;g @))* -g]kfn >d ;j]{If0f_

lrqdf pNn]v ul/P em} cTolws >dzlQm s[lif{df lge{/ /x]sf] 5 / o;sf] pTkfbsTj / Hofnfb/ Go"gtd 5 . of] s'/f u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L b'j} j:tLx?df nfu' x'G5 . csf]{ zJbdf >dzlQmnfO{ s[lif k]zfjf6 pBf]u / ;]jfIf]qx?df :yfgfGt/0f ug'{ cfj:os 5 . >dsf] cGt/-pBf]u :yfgfGt/0f ug{ s]xL ;do nfUg] x'G5 . tTsfn s"n /f]huf/ >dsf] *&% u|fdL0f If]qdf / &$% s[lifdf ;+nUg /x]sf] 5 . t;y{M hgtfsf] nflu u|fdL0f - s[lif (Agrarian) ?kfGt/0f Pp6f k|d'v k|:yfg ljGb' xf] . t;y{M Pu|]l/og ?kfGt/0fsf ljleGg ;ft kIfx? jf/] df}h'bf sfg'gL / ;+:yfut k|fjwfgx? jf/] oxf+ ljifo p7fg ul/Psf] 5 .

!= e"-:jfldTj / pkof]uM

cfjf; tyf pTkfbg sfo{df k|of]u x'g ;Sg] hldgsf] :jfldTj ljleGg lgsfox? h:t} lghL If]q, :yfgLo ;/sf/, u'7L, s]lGb|o ;/sf/, ljleGg ;+:yfx?, cflb df /x]sf] 5 . csf]{tkm{ t/fO{ Pj+ ;x/df hg;+Vofsf] 7'nf] lx:;f sl/j e"ldlxg / cfjf;lxg cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o s[lif u0fgf - @)^( / dfly pNn]lvt hg;+Vof tyf cfjf; u0fgf - @)^* n] o; tYosf] k'li6 ug]{5g\ . s[lif e"ldsf] :jfldTj / ljj/0fnfO{ e"ld P]g @)@! n] lglb{i6 ub{5 . csf]{ tkm{, ;/sf/n] e"-pkof]u gLlt jgfpg jf+sL g} 5 . o; cj:yfdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] kx'+r hldg, cfjf; / hLljsfdf j9fpg lgDg b'O{ sfo{x? tTsfn ug{ ;lsG5 . k|yd, e"ld/ j;f]jf; ljlxg hgtfnfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug{ e":jfldTjsf] l:ylt kQf nufpg] / u}x| lghL hldgnfO{ s/f/ k|s[of cGtu{t nlIft ju{nfO{ pknJw u/fpg] . o;sf] ;fy} ;/sf/n] hUuf j}s/ vl/b dfkm{t s[lif hldgsf] k'g/ljt/0f ug]{ . of] pkfo t/fO,{ /fhdfu{ / ;x/L If]qdf jl9 k|efjsf/L x'g]5 . bf];|f], ;/sf/nfO{ lghL :jfldTjsf] s[lif hldgsf] Plss[t ;"rgf clen]v tof/ ul/ lgodfg';f/ ug{ bjfj lbg] . k'gM s[lif e"-pkof]u gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / nfu' ug]{ . o:tf sbdjf6 s[lif pTkfbgsf ;fwfgx?sf] :jfldTj, k|of]u / pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ x'g]5 .

@= pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?sf] lgdf{0f / kl/rfngM

u|fdL0f 3/kl/jf/x?sf] kx'Fr ;fd'lxs k|fs[lts ;|f]tx? -h:t} jg, l;+rfO{, vfg]kfgL, ljB't_ Pj+ ;fdflhs ;]jfx? -h:t}M lzIff, :jf:Yo, u'7L_ df k'¥ofpb} hgtfnfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ;+jlGw ljleGg P]gx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M jg P]g @)$(, u}x|sfi7 jg k}bfj/ gLlt @)^!, hn;|f]t P]g, ljB't P]g, lzIff P]g, :jf:Yo ;+jlGw gLlt, cflb . pbfx/0fsf] nflu xfn !*,^*% ;fd'bflos pkef]Qmf ;+3x?df @@ nfv kl/jf/x? cfj4 5g\ . xfn ;d'bfo, jg ljefu / Jofkf/Lx? dWo] ljleGg cjflG5t sf/0fn] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?df hgtfsf] kx'Fr ;'b[9 ug]{ cleofgdf sld cfPsf] 5 . cflkt' j'l4hLljx?n] ;d'bfodf pkef]Qmf cfGbf]ngnfO{ jlnof] jgfP/ k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] ;b'kof]u, ;+/If0f / Gofo ug{ cu|l0f e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb5g\ .

#= u/LjL lgjf/0f Pj+ vfB ;'/IffM

g]kfn lhjg:t/ ;j]{If0f @)^^/^& n] u|fdL0f If]qsf @&=$% kl/jf/ u/LaLsf] /]vf eGbf tn /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 -/ ;x/df klg u/LaL kl/jf/sf] cg'kft j9\b} uPsf] 5_ . u/LaL Go"lgs/0f/ lgjf/0fsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ u/LaL lgjf/0f P]g @)^# cGtu{t :yflkt ul/Psf] u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if (Poverty Alleviation Fund – PAF) n] ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? lgdf{0f ul/ ;]jf k'/fpg] k|fjwfg 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if cGtu{t sl/j @@ xhf/ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? jg]sf 5g\ / sl/j 5 nfv 3/kl/jf/x? o;df cfj4 e};s]sf 5g\  -cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)^(/&)_ . ;fd'bflos cu'jfx?n] u/LaL lgjf/0f sf]if, cflb, h:tf sfo{qmdx?nfO{ Jofks jgfpg / o;sf ;fd'bflos ;:yfx?nfO{ ;xsf/L/ Jofj;flos ;+u7gx?df ?kfGt/0f ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb5g\ . k'gM cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] vfB ;'/Iff/ ;fj{ef}ldstfnfO{ hgtfsf] sfg"gL clwsf/sf] ?kdf ls6fg u/]sf] 5 . o; k|;+udf ef/tsf] vfB ;'/Iff ljw]os cu:t @)!# O{=;+= dxTjk"0f{ ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L x'g]5 .

$= ;xsf/L ;+u7g/ ;dfhx?M  

;xsf/L P]g ;g !((@ -;+zf]wg ;g @)))_ n] ;xsf/L ;+u7g / ;xsf/L ljsf; j}s, cflb ljsf; ug]{ jf6f] vf]n]sf] 5 . ;xsf/L ;+u7g ljsf;sf ljleGg ;|f]tx? h:t}M s[ifs, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, ;fd'bflos ;+u7g, cflb x'g\ / ;xsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] lj:tf/ / ;'wf/n] ;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ ;zQm jgfpg w]/} d2t ub{5 . lj=;+= @)^( ;Dd b]zdf @^ xhf/ kf+r ;o ;xsf/L ;+u7g lyP / Ps k|If]k0f cg';f/ ;xsf/Lx?sf] ;+Vof lj=;= @)&% ;Dddf sl/j %@ xhf/ k'Ug]5 [-x]g'{xf]; lrq g+= @ -s_ / -v_] . To:t}, xfn ;xsf/L o'lgogsf] ;+Vof @%* / ;xsf/L ljsf; j+}s Ps /x]sf 5g\ h;nfO{ j9fpg' h?/L 5 . k'gM ;xsf/L gLlt Pj+ P]gnfO{ ;'wf/ ul/ ;xsf/L pBf]ux? btf{/ ;+rfng ug'{ cfj:os 5 . 

lrq g+= @ -v_M lqmofsnfkx? cg';f/ ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;+Vof

%= cf}Bf]lus ljsf;M

cf}Bf]lus O{sfO{x?nfO{ k'+hLsf] cfwf/df 3/]n', ;fgf / 7'nf ju{x?df ljefhg ul/G5 . pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g ;g !((@, ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g ;g !((@, cflb Pj+ pBf]usf] ;+rfng ;fem]bf/L P]g ;g !(^$ Pj+ sDklg P]g @))&, cflbjf6 ;+rfng x'G5g\ . ;g @)^* ;Dd btf{ ePsf s"n pBf]ux?sf] ;+Vof o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M 3/]n' pBf]u !!,$)&, ;fgf pBf]u !,#@,)@) / 7'nf $,*#! j6f . /fli6«o cfodf pBf]u (Manufacturing) sf] cg'kft j9\g' kg]{df ;f] 36\b} uPsf] 5 . u|fdL0f ;dfhsf] ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]un] l56f] / 7'nf] kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sb5g\ . cfufdL bzsdf 7'nf pBf]ux?sf] ;+Vof klg xfnsf] sl/j kf+r xhf/d} l;ldt x'G5 jf j9]/ em08} gf} xhf/ k'U5 eGg] k|j[lQ ljleGg kIfx? h:t}M :yflgo dfu, sRrf kbfy{, >d, k'+hL/ Jofhb/, eG;f// s/, ljlgdo b/, k|ljlw/ ;Lk, cflbdf lge{/ ug]{5 -lrq g+= #_ . b]zsf] hgzlQmdf j}1flgs, k|ljlw lj1, Joj:yfks Pj+ pBldx?sf] b'n{e x'g ;dfh ljsf;sf] ;j} eGbf 7'nf] cj/f]w xf] .

lrq g+= # -v_M ;fgf tyf 3/]n' pBf]ux?sf] If]qut ljj/0f

^= gful/s ;dfh ;+u7g -CSO_M

v'nf Pj+ jx'njfbL ;dfhdf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf j9\b} hfg' ckl/xfo{ 5 . ;+3;+:yf btf{ P]g lj=;= @)#$  cGtu{t btf{ eO{ ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifbdf cfj4 /x]sf CSO/ NGO sf] ;+Vof lj=;= @)^^ df sl/j #@ xhf/ tLg ;o k'u]sf] lyof] / ;f] ;+Vof lj=;+= @)&% df sl/j $% xhf/ k'u]kl5 l:y/ x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 [x]g'{xf]; lrq g++= $ -s_ / -v_] . To:t} INGO sf] ;+Vof sl/j !%) 5 .

lrq g+= $ -v_M sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ u}x|;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Vof

NGO jf/] ljjfb / k'jf{u|x jl9 x'g] u/]sf] 5 .  ;/sf/n] gful/s ;dfh ;+u7gx? (CSOs/ NGOs/INGOs) sf] Joj:yfkg / k|efjsfl/tf j9fpg ckgfpg' kg]{ s]xL sfo{x?nfO{ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M /fli6«o/ ;fdflhs lxt ;+jlGw gLlt, ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifbsf] Ifdtf, :yflgo ;/sf/x?sf] :yfkgf . gful/s ;dfhsf] plbodfg e"ldsf ;fdflhs oyfy{ xf] / k|ultlzn j'l4lhljx?sf] o;df ;lqmo ;+nUgtf l;h{gfsf] cj;/ xf] . 

&= :yflgo ;/sf/M

pk/f]Qm pNn]lvt ;+u7gx? -;d'bfo, hgtf, Joj;fo, gful/s_ jf6 :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] If]qdf ;+qmd0f ubf{ hg:t/df /fHo/ ;/sf/sf] ;';~rfngsf] cj;/ l;h{gf x'G5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/x? -sl/j #,%)) uflj;, ^) gu/kflnsf / &% lhlj;, cflb_ ;~rfnsf] nflu hg:t/d} ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x?df ;d]t dflemPsf] :yfgLo g]t[Tj tof/ x'g]5 .

-3-

lgisif{df o;f] eGg ;lsG5 ls g]kfnsf] /fHo Joj:yfkgdf pkl/txdf w]/} rnv]n eP klg cfwf/e"t tx/ hg:t/df sd} dfq cfw'lglss/0f ePsf] 5 . t;y{M vf; u/]/ k|ultlzn j'l4lhljx?n] hg:t/df hglhljsf, ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;zlQms/0f ug]{ ;+:yfut cfwf/ jgfpg] tTsflns s]xL k|fjwfgx? jf/] oxf+ pNn]v ul/of] . o;jf6 j'l4lhljx?n] cfwf/e"t :t/df cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ;'wf/ ug{ / 7'nf] kl/jt{gsf] d~r tof/ ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .

**;dfKt**

  

PRODUCTION and REVOLUTION BY DR Bhattarai

s[D1] [D2] |flGtsf/L ?kfGt/0fsf] cleofgdf

pTkfbg / lgdf{0fsf lglDt ;+3if{ kf6L{ /0fgLltsf] gof cfofdM

8F afa'/fd e66/fO{

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] s|flGtsf/L ?kfGt/0fsfnflu g]kfnL hgtfn] ljleGg ;do / sfnv08df cfkmgf Tofu jlnbfg / ;+3if{sf lslt{dfgx? V8f u/]sf lyP , sltko lslt{dfgx? ;kmntfdf k'u] sltko lslt{dfgx? tTsfn c;kmn eP klg ltgn] eljZosf nflu ;kmntfsf] cfwf/ tof/ kf/] . !((& ;fnsf] /f0ff lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf ePsf] kmf;Lsf] ;hfob]lv /f0ff lj?4sf] @))& ;fnsf] s|flGt lg/+s'z k+rfotsf lj?4sf bzsf} nfdf ;+3if{sf ufyfx? @)@* ;fnsf] emfkf ljb|f]x o;sf dxTjk'0f{ kf6fx? x'g\ . o;}u/L @)#^ ;fnsf] hgdt;+u|x, @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng x'b} @)%@ ;fnsf] dxfg hgo'4sf] yfngL;+u} To;}sf] hudf ePsf] @)^@ )^# sf] ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng kZrft g]kfnL hgtfn] ljut ;f7L jif{b]lvsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] rfxgfnfO{ k|fKt ug]{ dfq} x}g c9fO{ ;o jif{ nfdf] zfx j+zLo /fhtGqsf] klg cGt ug]{ uf}/jzfnL lslt{dfg sfod ePsf 5g\ . lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf :yfgdf u0ftGq, PsfTds zf;g k|0ffnLsf 7fpdf ;+3Lotf, lxGb' clw/fHosf 7fpdf wd{lg/k]Iftf / Ps hflt Ps efiff Ps ln+u / Ps ju{sf] Ps5q zf;g ePsf] ;dfhnfO{ ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts / ;xeflutfd'ns nf]stGq oltj]nfsf] /fhg}lts gf/f jg]sf] 5 . o; vfnsf] P]ltxfl;s pknJwL k|fKt ePsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL ;dfh k|fKt pknJwLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ P]ltxfl;s sfo{ef/ ;lxt pkl:yt 5 . o; 38Ldf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cu|ufdL r]tgf jf]s]sf] ju{ / To;df klg s|flGtsf/L af}l4s ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf c;fWo dxTjsf] /xg] ub{5 . To;} ;]/f]km]/f]df ;+If]kdf rrf{ ug]{ w]o o; cfn]vdf /flvPsf] 5 .

g]kfnL ;dfhdfsf] rl/q kmk]l/Psf] 5 M

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/qsf jf/]df cfheGbf ;f7L jif{ cufl8 lt/ hltj]nf g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] u7g x'b} lyof] Toltj]nf cw{ ;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs eg]/ ls6fg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f7L jif{sf] bf}/fgdf g]kfnL ;dfhdf dxTjk'0f{ km]/ jbn cfPsf] 5 ljZjdf ljZjJoflks/0f, e'd08nLs/0f, lj1fg / k|ljlwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / vf;u/L ;'rgf / k|ljlwdf cfPsf] s|flGtn] lgs} kl/jt{g NofO{lbPsf] 5 eg] dxfg hgo'4 h:tf o'ufGtsf/L kl/36gfx?n] g]kfnL ;dfh / g]kfnL ;dfh dfkm{t ljZj ;dfhnfO{ ;d]t ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z lbg] u/L kl/jt{g / ?kfGt/0fsf] wSsf lbPsf] 5 . log} kl/36gf / wSsfsf] kl/0ffd :j?k g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;lbof}b]lv sfod /x]sf] ;fdGtL lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGt ePsf] 5 . h:n] ;fdGtjfbL ;+:sf/ / ;+/rgfdf ?dlnPsf] g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ d'Qm ul/lbPsf] 5 h;n] k/Dk/fut ?kdf /x]sf ;dfh / ;dfh lgdf{0fsf cfwf/x? ;+/rgfx? / :j?kdf ;d]t hjh{:t jbnfj vf]h]sf] cj:yf 5 . s|flGt / ?kfGt/0fsf cfGbf]ngx? ;dfh kl/jt{gsf cfGbf]ng x'g\ . ;dfh kl/jt{gsfnflu ;dfhsf cfwf/e"t ljz]iftfsf] lr/kmf/ ug{ h?/L x' G5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ?kfGt/0fsfnflu dxfg hgo'4sf] yfngL ubf{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q cw{ ;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs lyof] eg] dxfg hgo'4sf] hudf ePsf ljleGg cfGbf]ngx?sf] jndf /fhtGqsf] cGt nufotsf dxTjk'0f{ pknJwLx? k|fKt ;+u} g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/qdf cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g NofO{ lbPsf] 5 . t;y{ cj g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q jblnPsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ?kfGt/0fsfnflu ul/g] cfGbf]ng s|flGt / kl/jt{gsf cleofgx?sf] sfo{gLlt / /0fgLltdf klg kl/jt{g Nofpg h?/L 5 . lxhf] cw{ ;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs ;dfh /x]sf jvt ;f] ;dfhnfO{ jbNgsfnflu lb3{sflng hgo'4sf] pkfo jfx]s c? pkfo sfdofjL x'g] lyPgg\ ToxL cjnDjg ul/of] . h;n] tL rl/q jbNg jfWo klg jgfof] . t/ cfh g]kfnL ;dfh jblnPsf] ;Gbe{df pxL k'/fg} sfo{gLlt / /0fgLlt clVtof/ ug]{ s'/f km]l/ oflGqs / h8z'qjfbL x'G5 to;}n] cj s|flGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltdf kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L ePsf] 5 To;}n] x]6f}8f dxflwj]zgn] Tof] sfo{ef/ cf/De klg ul/;s]sf] 5 . cj to;nfO{ yk ;+j[4 ug]{ To;sf] j'emfO{df :ki6tf Nofpg] / To;nfO{ O{dfGbfl/tfsf;fy sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L cjsf] sfo{ef/ jg]sf] 5 .

pkl/;+/rgfdf k|fKt pknJwL hf]ufpg cfwf/df hf]8M

dfS;{jfbn] pkl/;+/rgf / cfwf/ eg]/ ljefhg ug]{ / pkl/;+/rgfdf ;/sf/ hgk|ltlglw ;+:yf jf o:t} cGo /fhg}lts ;+/rgf lgsfo j c+ux? kg]{ / To;sf] k|efj ;f] ;dfhdf /x]sf] pTkfbg ;DjGw / pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] /xg] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ubf{ ljleGg ;dosf s|flGt / kl/jt{gsf cfGbf]ngx?n] g]kfnsf] /fHo ;Qfsf] pkl/;+/rgfsf ?kdf /x]sf /fhtGq ;/sf/ ;+;b / o:t} ;+/rgfx?df cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g g} Nofof] s|flGtsf/L kl/jt{g g} Nofof] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] pkl/;+/rgfdf s|flGt u/of] . ;f] s|flGtjf6 k|fKt pknjwLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ jf To;nfO{ l6sfpg g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfwf/ jbNg h?/L ePsf] 5 . cfwf/ jbNg ;lsPg eg] pkl/;+/rgfdf k|fKt u/]sf] pkNwKnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ cfwf/sf ?kdf /x]sf] pTkfb k|0ffnLdf jbnfj Nofpg h?/L ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] pTkfbg k|0ffnL d'VotM bnfn / g]fs/zfxL k'lhklt ug{sf] g]t[Tj / jr{zj sfod 5 . h;nfO{ ;fdGtL /fhtGqsf] cflzjf{b k|fKt lyof] /fhtGqsf] cgt ;+u} bnfn / gf]s/zfxL ju{sf] g]t[Tj / jr{zj /x]sf] pTkfbg k|0ffnL g]t[Tj ljlxg jg]sf] 5 . To;}n] tof] ju{ cj ljuts} h:tf] lg/Gt/ cfkmgf] ;Qf ;+rfng ug]{ cj:yfdf 5}g To;}n] Tof] ju{ o;} klg sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 eg] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] s|flGtsf/L ?kfGt/ rfxg] cu|ufdL / s|flgtsf/Lx?n] cfwf/ jbNg] /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf] ljsf; ug{ h?/L ePsf] 5 . cfh;Ddsf] g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng cfwf/ jbNg]eGbf pkl/;+/rgfdf l;dlt x'g] cj:yf /xof] t/ o; k6s e[s'6Ld08k df ;Dkgg lj:tfl/t j}7s Pj+ x]6f}8f dxflwj]zgjf6 cfwf/ jbNg] /0fgLlt clVtof/ ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . To;}n] pkl/;+/rgfdf ju{;+3if{sf] dfWodjf6} k|fKt pknJwLnfO{ hf]ufpg cfwf/ jbng kg]{ / cfwf/ jbNg klg ju{ ;+3if{s} t/ km/s vfnsf] ;+3if{sf] vfrf] kg]{ s'/fnfO{ cfTd;f tub}{ bnfn / gf]s/zfxL k'hLsf lj?4 :jflwg / cfTdlge{/ ;f/tTj ;lxtsf] /fli6|o k'lhsf] ljsf; ug]{ x]t'n] ju{ ;+3if{sf] yfngL u/]sf] 5 h;nfO{ pTkfbg / lgdf{0fsfnflu kf6L{ /0fgLltsf] gof cfofd gfd lbO{Psf] 5 . o; vfnsf] sfo{ef/sf] kl/k'lt{sfnflu o; kIfsf] dfS;{jfbL dfGotfsf cfwf/df yk ;Dj[4 ug]{ s'/f ljleGg 36sdf ljeflht sDo'lgi6  cfGbf]ngnfO{ of] ljifo ;lxt Pst[t ug]{ s'/f g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ ;f] kIfdf] 8f]/ofpg] s'/f / o;sf] ;xL 9+un] ;}4flGtsf/0f ug]{ / o;sf] Jojl:yt k|rf/ ug]{ ;d]tsf sfo{ef/ oltj]nfsf] s|flGtsf/L lx:;f / s|fltsf/L af}l4s ;d’zbfosf] sfwdf cfO{ k/]sf] 5 .

 hgjfbL s|flGtsf pknJwL M

g]kfnL ;dfhn] k|fKt u/]sf u0ftGq ;+3Lotf wd{lg/k]Iftf / ;dfj]zLtf h:tf pknJwL pknjwLx? hgjfbL s|flGtsf dxTjk'0f{ pknJwL x'g . sltko dflg;x? oL pknJwLx?sf] dxTj / dlxdfnfO{ cfTd;f tug{ g;Sbf jf To;nfO{ cjd'Nog ubf{ s]xL klg ePsf] 5}g eGg] klg u/]sf] 5g\ ;f] ljrf/ ;xL xf]O{g g]kfnL ;dfhdf hf/L s|flGtsf/L cfGbf]ngs} jndf oL pknJwL xfl;n ePsf x'g oL pknJwLx?sf] b'/ufdL dxTj 5 To;}n] lognfO{ x/ xfntdf hf]ufpb} log} pknJwLdfly 6]s]/ yk pknJwL xfl;n ug'{ s'g} klg s|flGtsf/Lsf] bfloTj jGg cfp5 . To;}n] o; ljifonfO{ x]6f}8f dxflwj]zgn] oL pknJwLx? hgjfbL s|flGtsf dxTjk'0f{ pknJwL g} x'g eGg] ls6fg u/]sf] 5 . hgjfbL s|flGtsf dxTjk'0f{ pknJwLsf ?kdf /x]sf oL ljifox?nfO{ cfTd;f tub}{ / lognfO{ ;+:yfut ub}{ cl3 j9]/ dfq} g]kfnL gof hgjfbL s|flGtsf] afsL sfo{ef/ k'/f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] k|i6 u/]sf] 5 . t/ jf+sL sfo{ef/ k'/f ug{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/qdf cfwf/e"t ?kdf jbnfj cfPsf] o; 38Ldf k'/fg} hfg]dfg]sf] jf6f] eg] em} km]l/ hgo'4df kms{g] s'/f j:t'jfbL x'b}g eg] km]l/ klg pkl/;+/rgfdf g} cNdlnO{/xg] s'/f klg ;xL x'b}g eGb} cj gof 9+un] jfsL s|flGt k'/f ug]{ x]t'n] s|flGtsf sfo{gLlt / /0fgLltsf] ljsf; ug{ k5{ egg] ls6fg ub}{ To;f] ubf{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] hLjgdf kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"l tug]{ u/L cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ tof/  ug}{ s|flGtsf] vfrf] k/]sf] 5 To;sfnflu ;+s|d0fsflng cy{gLltsf] cjnDjg ub}{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] :jfldTj / jr{:jdf g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ x]t'n] cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug{ h?/L 5 . h;n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfwf/df dxTjk'0f{ km]/jbn Nofpg] 5 eg] cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;fy ;fy} clwsf/sf] /Iff csf]{ dxTjsf] ljifoxf] h;sfnflu ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lo ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/f of] sfo{gLltsf] cleGg cu x'g k'u]sf] 5 . ;+ljwg;efjf6 klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+3Lo ;+ljwfg jgfpg ;Sbf g]kfnL hgtfn] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u Jojxfl/s ?kdf g} ug}{ cj;/ kfpg]5g\ o; kl/36gf kl5 dfq} g]kfnL hgtf ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] Jojxfl/s k|of]usf] k'li6 x'g]5 . klxrfgsf] k|Zgn] cfGtl/s /fli6|otf jlnof] jgfpg k'/} e"ldsf v]Ng] 5 / ;+3Lo df]8]nn] k/Dk/fut ;fdGtL /fHo k|0ffnL / ;f]sf] ;+rfng Pj+ ljsf;sf] ;d]t k2ltdf cfwf/e"t s|flGtsf/L kl/jt{g g} NofO{lbg]5 . olt sfd ;DkGg ul/;Sbf g]kfnL ;dfhn] gof hgjfbL s|flGtsf jfsL sfo{ef/ klg k'/f ug]{5 / ;dfhjfbL s|flGtsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug]{5 .

jn k|of]usf] ;fj{ef}d dfGotfM

jn k|of]u ljgf s'g} klg ;dfhdf s|flGtsf/L / cu|ufdL kl/jt{g ePsf 5}gg\ . ;fdfGo :j?kdf x'g} ;j} km]/jbn / ljsf; s|flGt x}gg\ / s|flGtsf/L kl/jt{g klg x}gg\ To;}n] dfS;{jfbL dfGotfn] s|flGtsf/L kl/jt{gsfnflu jn k|of]usf] clgjfo{tfnfO{ JoQm ub{5 . jn k|of]usf] dfGotfsf cfwf/df g]kfnL ;dfhn] dxTjk'0f{ / s|flGtsf/L pknJwL g} xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . cj jfsL pknJwL xfl;n ug{sfnflu klg vf; u/L cfwf/ jbNg] s'/fdf cyf{t bnfn / g]fs/zfxL k"hLsf] jr{:j / g]t[Tjdfly :jflwg cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf kIfkftL /fli6|o k"lhklt ju{n] wfjf jf]Nbf ;fdfGo jn k|of]usf] cfjZostf kg{ klg ;Sb5 . oBlk dxfg hgo'4sf] jn k|of]usf] sf/0fn] dSsLPsf] /fhtGqsf] h/f ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] j}7sjf6 jn k|of]u gu/L 9Nof] To;} u/L bnfn / g]fs/zfxL k"hL ;fdGtjfbL cflzjf{b cf8 e/f];f k|fKt ug{ 5f8] kl5 :jt sdhf]/ ePs} 5 o:tf] cj:yfdf tof] ju{n] c? s'g} xs{g u/]g eg] :jefljs ?kdf /fli6|o k'hLsf] ljsf; x'g] / bnfn / gf]s/zfxL k'hLsf] lj:yfkg x'b} hfg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g ;Sg]5 . t/ o; cjlwdf bnfn / gf]s/zfxL ju{n] cgfjzos xs{t u/of] eg] Toxf :jefljs ?kdf jn k|of]usf] clgjfo{ cfjzostf cfO{ kg]{5 . To;}n] hgjfbL s|flGtsf jfsL sfo{ef/x? k'/f ug]{ ;Gbe{df dfS;{jfbLo dfGotfsf cfwf/df jn k|of]usf] ;fj{ef}d dfGotf cu|ufld kl/jt{gsf kIfkfltx?sf lj?4df pleg]x?sf] e"ldsf s] /xG5 eGg] s'/fdf g} lge{/ ub{5 . t;y{ cu|ufld s|flGtsf/L k/jt{gsf kIfkftLx?n] o; ljifodf yk cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ / To;nfO{ Jojxf/df k|of]u ug]{ ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{ h//L ePsf] 5 . of] e"ldsf s|flGtsf/L af}l4s ;d'bfon] cjsf] sfo{ef/sf ?kdf u|x0f ug{ h?/L 5 .

cu|ufdL k/jt{gsf] kIfdf hgtfM

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] :j?k x]bf{ hgdtsf lx;fjn] klg kl/jt{gsf kIfdf k6s k6s cfkmgf] dt hfx]/ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . s|flGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf kIfdf xf]; jf zflGtk'0f{ cfGbf]ngx?df g} lsg gxf]; hgtfsf] ;fy sfkmL 5 . dxfg hgo'4sf sl7g lbgx?df xf]; jf @)^@.)^#sf] ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngdf xf]; g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fy kof{Kt k|fKt ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffdn] klg nueu b'O{ ltxfO{ dt cu|ufdl kl/jt{gsf kIfdf 5 3f]lift sDo'lgi6x?sf kIfdf 5 . g]kfnL hgdt s|flGtsf/L ?kfGt/0fsf kIfdf 5 . vfnL ltgsf] Joj:yfkg xfd|f] ;d:of xf] . tof] hgdtnfO{ Psfsf/ jgfpg g;Sg' xfd|f] sdhf]/L xf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] sdhf]/L xf] ToxL sdhf]/LnfO{ clnsltdfq} ;Rofpbf dxfg hgo'4 klg Tof] ;kmntfsf] r'nLdf k'Uof] ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngn] klg tof] ;kmntf k|fKt u/of] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] tof] dt klg ;kmntfs} csf]{ c+z xf] . o; s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} jfsL sfo{ef/ k'/f ug{ klg to; vfnsf] pT;fxsf] vfrf] 5 eg] ljutdf ePsf l;df / sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ klg gbf]xf]/ofpg / ;Rofpg h?/L 5 . o;f] ug{ ;slof] eg] dfq} klg cu|ufld kl/jt{gsf] kIfdf /x]sf g]kfnL hgtfsf] cledtnfO{ Psfsf/ u/]/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ?kfGt/0fsf] cleofgdf nfdj4 ug{ ;lsG5 / g]kfnL s|flGtsf] P]ltxfl;s sfo{ef/ k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 .

kl/jt{gsf lj/f]wLx?sf] xtf; dgl:yltM

g]kfnL ;dfh hj cu|ufld ?kfGt/0fsf] kIfdf cufl8 j9g yfNof] tj tj cu|ufld / kZrfufdLx? jLrsf] 6Ss/ cfDg] ;fDg] bfvf kg'{ :jefljs g} lyof] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ?kfGt/0fsf] of] cleofgdf klg of] kl/36gf k6s k6s / lg0f{os 38Ldf b]vf kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . to;}n] s|flGtsf/L cfGbf]ngx?n] / cu|ufld ?kfGt/0fsf cfGbf]ngx?n] klg cgk]lIft Ifltsf] ;fdgf ug{ kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . cu|ufld kl/jt{gsf] lg0f{fos 38Ldf cu|ufdL ?kfGt/0fsf kIfkfltx? pT;flxt x'g] / kl/jt{gsf lj/f]wLx? Xtf; dgl:yltdf /xg] kl/36gf x'g] u/]sf 5g\ of] cg'ejnfO{ x]Ssf /fVb} cu|ufld kl/jt{gsf] of] cleofg cufl8 j9]sf jvt kl/jt{gsf lj/f]wLx?n] To;nfO{ ;xg / krfpg g;s]/ To;sf lj?4 h'g;'s} xs{t ug{ klg kl5 kb}{gg\ . lj/f]wLx? Xtf; eP eg] h'g;'s} xs{t klg ug{ ;Sg] lj/f]wLsf jx'n77Lk'0f{ xs{t h;nfO{ 7Ls 9+un] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sbf cu|ufld ?kfgt/0fnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;xh x'g] t/ to;nfO{ x]Ssf /fVg klg / Joj:yfkg klg ug{ g;Sbf Iflt JJoxf]g{ kg]{ cj:yf x'g ;Sb5 o; tkm{ s|flGtsf/L af}l4s ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf s]lGb|t ug{ h?/L x'g]5 .

lgisif{df Mhf]8 pTkfbg / lgdf{0fdf hf]8 u/f} M

xfdLn] pkl/;+/rgfdf dxTjk'0f{ pknJwL xfl;n u/]sf 5f} cj To;nfO{ hf]ufpgsfnflu klg s|flGtsf] jfsL sfo{ef/sf ?kdf klg cfly{s s|flGt xfd|f] sfo{ef/ xf] . cfly{s sf|flGt s]jn cy{jfb x}g dfS;{jfbL dfGotf cg';f/ cfwf/ jbNg] s'/f xf] . to;}n] cjsf] s|flGt cfly{s s|flGt cjsf] s|flGt hgtfsf] hLjg jbNg] s|flGt cjsf] s|flGt cfly{s ;Dj[l4sf] s|flGt eGg] s'/fdf l4ljwf /fVg x'b}g . o;sf] cy{ h] u/]/ klg h;/L klg cfly{s ljsf; eg] x}g . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfwf/ jbNg] u/L cfly{s s|flGt g]kfnL ;dfhsf cGt/ljf/]fwx?nfO{ xn ug]{ u/L cfly{s s|flGt g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljBfdfg ;fdGtL pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t pTkfbg ;DjGwdf jbnfj Nofpg] u/L cfly{s s|flGt g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ cfTdlge{/ jgfpg] u/L cfly{s s|flGt / :jflwg cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf] dfWodjf6 /fli6|otf dhj't kfg]{ u/L cfly{s s|flGtsf cy{df j'emg h?/L 5 . o;sfnflu ;j} g]tf sfo{stf{ / hgtf pTkfbdf hf]l8g] u/L cfkmgf] hLjg z}nLnfO{ kl/jt{g u/]/ dfq} of] cleofg k'/f ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] Pp6f lx:;f u/L vfg] cfsf]{ lx:;f 7uL vfg]df ljeflht ePsf] of] oyfy{df ljzfn sfo{stf{ / g]tfx?sf] kmf}h hDdf u/]sf] kf6L{sf clwsf+z g]tf sfo{stf{x? g]kfnL ;dfhsf] h:tf] h:tf] / jfsL nDk6 ;j{xf/f h:tf] hf] x'g] vt/f 5 To;jf6 klg hf]ufpb} g]kfnL s|flGt ;DkGg ug]{ j}1flgs xltof/sf ?kdf r':t b'?:t / ptkfbgdf hf]l8Psf] ;+u7g oltj]nfsf] vfrf] xf] . pTkfbg / lgdf{0f;+u ghf]l8Psf] ;+u7g hg;+u7g x'g} ;Sb}g eGg] dfGotfsf] ljsf; u/]/} eP klg l;uf] d'n'nnfO{ Psk6s pTkfbg / lgdf{0f clg Joj:yfkgsfnflu ;+3if{ u/f}+ eGg] g/fdf ;+s]lGb\t ub}{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfwf/ jbNg] / pkl/;+/rgfdf k|fKt u/]sf pknJwLnfO{ jrfpg] cleofgdf nfu}f o; cleofgdf g]kfnL s|flGtsf/L a'l4hLjLx?sf] cu|0fL :yfg /xof] eg] of] sfo{lbzf ;lhn} ;Dj[4 ug{, hgtfsf jLrdf j'emfpg / nfu' ug{ ;xh x'g]5 . P]ltxfl;s /fli6|o ;Dd]ngn] of] lbzf ;dftf]; oxL z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5' .

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 [D2]