;+rf/ hut / cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf jf/] s]xL l6Kk0fL
lvdnfn b]jsf]6f
! dfGotfM
k|]; hutsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] cf/De
ug]{ >]o Hutchins Commission nfO{ hfG5 . ;g\ !($# b]f>f] ljZj
o'4 rln/x]sf jvt cd]l/sfdf Ps cfof]usf] :yfkgf eof] . l;sfuf] ljZjljBfnosf cWoIf /j6{ x'lrG;sf]
cWoIftfdf -Commission on Freedom
of the Press_k|]; :jtGqtf gfdsf] cfof]u u7g eof] . ;f] cfof]unfO{ cfw'lgs
nf]stGqdf ;+rf/ dfWodsf] pko'Qm sfo{ s] xf] / s] x'gk5{ eGg] jf/]df v]fhL ug{
nufO{Psf] lyof] . !@ hgf Vofltk|fKt lj4fgx? /x]sf] pQm cfof]udf cd]l/sL pRr
hflto 3/fgfsf / uf]/f hfltsf dflg;x? dfq} lyP . !@ hgf dWo sf]xL klg kqsf/
lyPgg . y'k|} cfnf]rgfsf ljr rf/ jif{ kl5 ;g\ !($& df cfof]un] k|ltj]bg
lbof] . h;nfO{ cfh;Dd klg ;+rf/ huts} sf]z] 9'uf dflgG5 . ;f] cfof]un] cfw'lgs
;dfhsf] ljsf; / :yfloTjsfnflu k|]; hutn] dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf v]Ng ;S5 . To;sf/0f
;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] ef/ k|]; hutn] jxg ug{ k5{ eGg] lgisif{ lgsfNof] . ;fdflhs
pQ/bfloTjsf] l;4fGt cGtu{t kqsfl/tfsf b[li6n] lg0f{o lnb} ubf{ ;dfhsf] j[xQ/
lxtsf jf/]df Wofg lbg' p;sf] g}lts bfloTj xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ lgs} dxTjsf;fy
k|:t't u/of]= .
pQm cfof]usf] cfwf/df cfh ;+;f/e/L
k|]; :jtGqtfsf] s'/f cfd ;+rf/sf] dxTjsf] s'/fsf ;fyf;fy} cfd ;+rf/ hutsf]
;dflhs pQ/bfloTj / g}lts bfloTjsf ;d]t ljifox?df jx; x'g yfNof] . To;} cfwf/df
k|]; hutnfO{ rf}yf] c+usf ?kdf ljsf; klg ul/of] . hj of] dxTjsf;fy ;+rf/ If]q
;dfhdf :yflkt eof] tj :jo+ lhDd]jf/ jGg] s'/f k|fyldstfdf kg{ yfNof] . ;dfhdf
olt w]/} :yfg xfl;n u/]sf] k|]; hutnfO{ c? s;}n] lgoGq0f / lgb]{zg ug]{ s'/f
:jefljs x'b}g eGg] s'/f cfd ?kdf ;j{ :jLs[t h:t} jGg k'Uof] . hj :jo+ Jojl:yt /
cg'zfl;t x'g kg]{ If]qn] ;dfhsf ck]Iff k'/f ub}{g cyf{t cfkmgf] l;df cfkm}
j'emb}g / l;df gfUb5 tj ;dfhn] g} lgoGq0fsf] cfjfh p7fpg jfWo x'G5g\ . ;dfhsf]
cfjfh ;'Gg ;/sf/ jfWo x'G5 eGg] dfGotfsf] klg ljsf; eof] .
pk/f]Qm tYosf cfwf/df k|]; hutn]
lgjf{x ug{ kg]{ e'ldsfsf jf/]df c?n]= rrf{ ug]{ eGbf k|]; hut cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f
ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 eGbf eGb} klg ;f] sf] cefjdf ;/sf/x?n] g} s]xL cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf]
ljsf; ug{ k'u]sf] / tL cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kl/kfngf eP gePsf] cg'udg ug{] j}wflgs
lgsfo klg v8f ug{ k'u]sf] kfO{G5 .
;f] Hutchins Commission n] ;+rf/ hutsf cfrf/ ;+lxtf / k|]; :jtGqtfsf jf/]df
;Gt'ng ldnfpb} s]xL dfu{lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf ?kdf s]xL lzkmfl/; u/]sf] lyof]= tL
dfGotfx? o; k|sf/ /x]sf5g\ M
· ;To tYo ,cy{k'0f{ / ljrf/ gldl;Psf]
;dfrf/ k|:t't u/ .
· leGg ljrf/x?sf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ /
cfnf]rgf / ;'emfj JoQm ug]{ d+r ;/x ;]jf u/ .
· ;dfhsf] k|ltlglwd'ns lrq k|:t't u/ .
· ;dfhsf] d'No dfGotf / p2]ZonfO{
jf/Djf/ k|i6 kf/ .
· ;dfhsf] Jofks lrq k|:t't u/ .
@ cfwf/x?M
o;sf ;fy;fy} ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg
Joj;foLs ;+u7gx?n] klg cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] jf/]df rrf{ ug]{ u/]sf] / cfrf/ ;+lxtf
ljsf; ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfO{G5 . o;df ;dfrf/sf] ;Totf ljZj;gLotf lgikIftf clgjfo{
x'g'kg]{ ljifo ;d]6]sf] kfO{G5 . s'g} ;dfrf/n] ;'rgf lbb} ubf{ ;dfhnfO{ xfdL
gf]S;fgL x'g gx'g] / xflg gf]S;fgL x'g] g} xf] eg] klg ;f] sf] dfqf sd eGbf sd
xf]; eGg] s'/fdf klg Vofn ug{ kg]{ eGg] s'/fdf Vofn /fVg h?/L 5 .
o;} u/L :jtGqtfk'j{s sfd ug{ kg]{ s'/f csf]{ cfwf/e't dfGotf xf] . s'g}klg
:jfy{jf6 k|]l/t jf k|efljt x'g x'b}g . ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfGg kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg
ug]{ jfx]s p;sf] c? s'g} :jfy{ x'g x'b}g . of] xb;Ddsf] :jtGqtfk'j{s sfd ug'{
;+rf/ hutsf] g}lts bfloTj xf] .
pQ/bfoL x'g] s'/f csf]{ dxTjk'0f{ dfGotf xf] . ;+rf/ hut kf7sx?
>f]tfx? bz{sx? / :jo+ kqsf/x?k|lt klg Tolts} pQ/bfoL x'g k5{ cfkm'n] tof/
u/]sf] ;dfrf/sf jf/]df hxf hlxn] h;sf ;fd'Gg] plebf klg l6Sg ;Sg] / kTofpg nfos
5 eGg] ljZjf; lbnfpg] vfnsf] x'g h?/L 5 .
;+rf/ huts} g}ltstf / dfkb08sf] kl/kfngf ug'{ csf]{ dfGotf xf] . ;+rf/ hut x'gfsf gftfn]
;dfhn] u/]sf ck]Iffsf cfwf/df / ;+rf/ hut cfkm}n] kl/kfngf ul/ cfPsf cfwf/df /
cfkm}n] ljsf; u/]sf cfwf/df :jLs[t ePsf dfGotfx?sf] kl/kfngf ;+rf/ hutn] ug{
h?/L 5 .
# Xfd|f] cj:yfM
pk/f]Qm dfGotf / cfwf/df 6]s]/} ljsf;
ePsf] xfd|f] k|]; hutsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds cg'ejx? 5g\ . ltg} dfu{bz{g /
ljsl;t dfGotfsf s;Ldf xfdL sxf 5f} / xfdL sxf r'Sof} eGg] s'/fsf] klxrfg ug{
h?/L 5 . cfkm'nfO{ hfRg] s;Lsf ?kdf dfly pNn]lvt cfwf/ / dfGotfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
To;f] t ;+;f/e/ s} ;+rf/ hutsf cfkmgf cfkmgf dfGotf / ljz]iftf x'g' :jefljs xf]
. t/ g]kfnsf] cj:yf km/s 5 / ljlzi7 k|sf/sf] klg 5 . g]kfnL ljlzi7tfsf] ;+rf/
hutsf] gsf/fTds / ;sf/fTds kIfsf] ;+If]kdf ld;f+;f ug]{ k|oTg ul/Psf]5 .
-s_ ;sf/fTds kIfM
g]kfnsf] k|]; hut g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
cu|ufld ?kfGt/0fdf cu|klQmdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfh ;fdGtL ;+:sf/jf6 u|:t /xof]
. ;fdfGtL ;+:sf/sf lj?4 n8g'le8g' ljNs'n /fhg}lts sfd xf] tf klg ;f] sfdsf]
yfngL ;+rf/ hutsf dfWod jf6} ePsf] 5 . o;sf/0f g]kfnsf] ;+rf/ hutnfO{ ljz'4
;dfrf/ lng] lbg] dfWodsf ?kdf dfq} geP/ ;fdfh ?kfGt/0fsf] ;fwfgsf ?kdf klg x]g{
h?/L 5 . of] g]kfnsf] ;+rf/ hutsf] cfkmgf] df}lnstf klg xf] .
g]kfnL ;+rf/ hutn] Joj:yf jbNg]
sfo{df klg cfkm'nfO{ cu| df]rf{df pEofof] . Joj:yf jbNg nflu k/]sf /fhg}lts
bnx?sf] dfGotfnfO{ hgtfsf dfemdf k|rf/ ug]{ k|lzlIft ug]{ / pTk|]l/t ug]{
;Ddsf] sfd klg ePsf] 5 . o;sf cfwf/df klg g]kfnsf] k|]; hutnfO{ ;+rf/ hutsf]
;f3'/f] 3]/fjf6 dfq} lgofNg' ;f] If]q k|lt g} cGofo x'g k'Ub5 .
g]kfnL ;+rf/ hutn] g]kfnL ;dfhdf
ljb|f]xL r]tsf] hu]gf{ ug]{ sfd u/of] . cGofok'0f{ /fHosf cGofok'0f{ sfdx?sf]
e08fkmf]/ ug]{ / ljb|f]xLsf ljrf/ / dfGotfx?nfO{ :yflkt ug]{ ljb|f]xLx?sf] jrfp
ug]{ ltgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ / ljb|f]xsfnflu pko'Qm ;'rgf pknJw u/fP/ ;f]sfnflu
cg's'n jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ sfd klg u/of] . h;sf sf/0f g]kfndf x/]s bzsdf h:tf]
7'N7'nf ljb|f]xx? ;+ej ePsf 5g\ .
-v_ gsf/fTds kIfM
nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fndf klg g]kfnsf]
;+rf/ hut Joj;foLs jGg ;s]g . g]kfnsf] ;+rf/ hut ltgy/L ;d:ofjf6 u|l;t eof] .
;/sf/L sf]kefhg, sfnf]wgsf] k|efj, / lglxt /fhgLlts :jfy{ kl/k'lt{ d'n ;d:of
x'g . log} ;d:ofx?sf sf/0fn] Joj;foLs ;+rf/ hutsf] ljsf;sfnflu jfws jGof] . ;Qf
;+rf/ dfWodjf6 rfs/L / k|;+;f vf]Hg] jfgL slxNo} uPg . Joj;foLs / :jtGq ;+rf/
hutjf6 ;f] sfd ;+ej geP kl5 ;/sf/L ;+rf/ dfWodx? kfNg] sfdn] lg/Gt/tf kfO{
/xof] . ;/sf/L ;+/If0fdf /x]sf ;+rf/ dfWodx?;+usf] k|lt:kwf{ / ;/sf/sL
sf]kefhgnfO{ lrg}{ eGbf klg ltg};+u ;+emf}t fug]{ k|j[lQn] ;+rf/ hutsf]
Joj;foLstf w/f;foL jGg k'Uof] .
;+rf/ hut cg'lrt ;f}bfjfhL ug]{ ;fwg
jGg' csf]{ b'vb / gsf/fTds kl/36gf xf] . h;sf] ;+rf/ p;sf] ;+;f/ eGg] dfGotfsf]
b'?kof]u o;} If]qjf6 eof] . ;dfrf/ k|fKt x'g' :jefljs xf] . k|fKt ;dfrf/sf]
;Totf hfr ug]{ ;+rf/ hutsf] cfkmg} dfkb08 xf] . ;Totf hfr kl5 ;fj{hlgs ug'{
p;sf] wd{ xf] t/ oxL j]nfdf ;f]xL ;dfrf/sf]
;fxf/fdf ;Dj4 kIf;+u ;f}bfjfhL ug]{ u/]sf] k|z:t} 36gfx? 5g\ of] csf]{
jf6f] cjnDjg x'g] kl/36gf] gsf/fTds kf6f] xf] .
g]kfnL ;+rf/ hutsf] ljsf;s|dsf
lx;fjn] klg xf]nf ;+rf/ hut slxn} /fhgLlt lg/k]If x'g ;s]g . /fhg}lts bnsf
g]tfx? / sfo{stf{x? g} k|]; hutsf x:tL x'g] cj:yf, x/]s kf6L{sf] /]l8of]
6]lnlehg cvjf/ / cgnfO{g ;+rfng x'g] cj:yf huhfx]/ 5 . o;n] cfu|x g/fVg] s'/f
;dfrf/df ljrf/ gld;fpg] s'/f / lgikIf x'g] s'/f rfx]/ klg ;+ej 5}g . of]
kl/j]zdf Joj;foLs ;+rf/ hutsf] kl/sNkgf w]/} 6f9fsf] s'/f xf]nf . ;jfn olQ xf]
kf6L{ cfj4 ;+rf/ hutsf ;fyLx?n] ;+rf/sdL{ ePsf] gftfn] dfq} sfd ul/lbP klg
Joj;foLs x'g dbt ldNg] lyof] t/ kf6L{sf] kx'r / zlQmsf] cf8df kf6L{ kqsfl/tf
ubf{ t cfrf/;+lxtf lgl/x jGg'sf] s'g} ljsNk} /x]g . o:tf] gsf/fTds cj:yfjf6 klg
k|tfl8t 5 g]kfnL ;+rf/ hut .
$ j}slNks ;+rf/ dfWodsf] vfrf]M
;+rf/ hut ;dfhsf] cfd dfGotf /
k|j[lQeGbf leGg x'g} ;Sb}g . To;f] xf] eg] ;j} gLltx?sf] d'n gLlt /fhgLltjf6
klg of] cnu x'g ;Sb}g . ljZj /fhgLltn] ljZj ;dfhnfO{ 8f]/ofp5 . cfhsf] ljZj
/fhgLlt k'lhjfb / ;dfhjfbsf] b'O{ w|'jdf ljeflht 5 / oxL ljefhgn] ljZj ;dfhnfO{
klg ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . of] /fhgLltn] ;dfhnfO{ ljefhg t ug{ ;Sof] ;dfwfg lbg ;s]g
. cfh k'lhjfbL lsQfdf k'lhjfbsf] ljsNksf] vf]hL e}/fv]sf]5 eg] ;dfhjfb leq klg
;dfhjfbs} ljsNksf] vf]hL e}/fv]sf]5 . o;sf cnfjf b'j}sf] ljsNksf] vf]hL klg
hjh{:t e}/x]sf] 5 . of] j}slNks /fhgLltsf] rf;f]sf;fy e}/x]sf] ;Gbe{df j}slNks
;+rf/ hutsf] klg vf]hL x'g h?/L 5 .
% cGtdfMcfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] dlxdfM
Justice in the life and conduct of the State is possible only
as first it resides in the hearts and souls of the citizens. Plato
h;/L Kn]6f]n] Gofosf jf/]df JofVof u/] To;} u/L ;+rf/ hutsf] cfrf/;+lxtf klg To:t} xf] . ;+rf/ hutsf] hLjg Jojxf/jf6} ;+rf/ hut cfr/0fdf j;]sf]=5 eGg] hgtfsf] x[bo / cfTdfdf jf; u/]sf] cj:yfdfq} o;n] ;fy{stf kfpg]5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df of] xb;Dd k'Ug ;+rf/ hutn] lgs} 7'nf] Tofu / d]xgt ug}{ k5{ cfkm'leqsf v/fjLx?nfO{ lgd'{n kfg{ lgd{d x'g h?/L 5 . km]l/ klg cfw'lgs ;dfhsf] ck]Iff lhDd]jf/ / ;bfrf/o'Qm ljZj;gLo ;+rf/ hut g} xf] .
h;/L Kn]6f]n] Gofosf jf/]df JofVof u/] To;} u/L ;+rf/ hutsf] cfrf/;+lxtf klg To:t} xf] . ;+rf/ hutsf] hLjg Jojxf/jf6} ;+rf/ hut cfr/0fdf j;]sf]=5 eGg] hgtfsf] x[bo / cfTdfdf jf; u/]sf] cj:yfdfq} o;n] ;fy{stf kfpg]5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df of] xb;Dd k'Ug ;+rf/ hutn] lgs} 7'nf] Tofu / d]xgt ug}{ k5{ cfkm'leqsf v/fjLx?nfO{ lgd'{n kfg{ lgd{d x'g h?/L 5 . km]l/ klg cfw'lgs ;dfhsf] ck]Iff lhDd]jf/ / ;bfrf/o'Qm ljZj;gLo ;+rf/ hut g} xf] .
Laws
control the lesser man... Right conduct controls the greater one.- Mark Twain dfs{ 6jLgn] eg]
em} sfg'gn] ;fdfGo / sdhf]/ dflg;x?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;S5 t/ plrt cfrf/ Jojxf/n]
jlnof dflg;x?nfO{ klg lgoGq0f ug{ ;S5 . ;+rf/ hut n]lvPsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] jGbL
x'g' plrt x'b}g j? p t c;n Jojxf/n] cfkm' / c? ;j}nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ x:tL jGg
h?/L 5 .
There are no absolute rules of conduct, either in peace or war.
Everything depends on circumstances. -Leon Trotsky
o;} u/L s:tf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf elgof] eg] Tof] klg Jojxfl/s x'g]5}g . slx klg cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] ;Dk'0f{ lgodx? 5}gg rfx] Tof] o'4df xf]; jf zflGtdf j? x/]s s'/f ;do sfn kl/l:yltdf lge{/ ub{5 eGg] 6|f6|:sLsf] egfO{ ;+rf/ hutsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf jf/]df klg sd dxTjsf] 5}g .
o;} u/L s:tf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf elgof] eg] Tof] klg Jojxfl/s x'g]5}g . slx klg cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] ;Dk'0f{ lgodx? 5}gg rfx] Tof] o'4df xf]; jf zflGtdf j? x/]s s'/f ;do sfn kl/l:yltdf lge{/ ub{5 eGg] 6|f6|:sLsf] egfO{ ;+rf/ hutsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf jf/]df klg sd dxTjsf] 5}g .
;f/f+zdf cfrf/ ;+lxtf o:tf] zlQmzfnL
xltof/ xf] g}lts jnsf cfwf/df zlQmzfnLx?nfO{ klg r'gf}lt lbg ;Ifd x'g]5 . To;}
vfn] zlQmzfnL cfrf/;+lxtfn] o'Qm ;+rf/ hutsf] kl/sNkgf xfdLn] ug}{ k5{ lsgls
cfrf/ ;+lxtfn] o'Qm ;+rf/ hutn] ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] :t/ dfkg ub{5 . t;y{ o;tkm{
;j} u+le/ jgf} .
